Autonomic modulation of heart rate of young and postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen therapy

The aim of the present study was to determine whether estrogen therapy (ET) reduces alterations of the autonomic control of heart rate (HR) due to hypoestrogenism and aging. Thirteen young (24 ± 2.6 years), 10 postmenopausal (53 ± 4.6 years) undergoing ET (PM-ET), and 14 postmenopausal (56 ± 2.6 years) women not undergoing ET (PM) were studied. ET consisted of 0.625 mg/day conjugated equine estrogen. HR was recorded continuously for 8 min at rest in the supine and sitting positions. HR variability (HRV) was analyzed by time (SDNN and rMSSD indices) and frequency domain methods. Power spectral components are reported as normalized units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies, and as LF/HF ratio. Intergroup comparisons: SDNN index was higher in young (median: supine, 47 ms; sitting, 42 ms) than in PM-ET (33; 29 ms) and PM (31; 29 ms) women (P < 0.05). PM showed lower HFnu, higher LFnu and higher LF/HF ratio (supine: 44, 56, 1.29; sitting: 38, 62, 1.60) than the young group in the supine position (61, 39, 0.63) and the PM-ET group in the sitting position (57, 43, 0.75; P < 0.05). Intragroup comparisons: HR was lower in the supine than in the sitting position for all groups (P < 0.05). The HRV decrease from the supine to the sitting position was significant only in the young group. These results suggest that HRV decreases during aging. ET seems to attenuate this process, promoting a reduction in sympathetic activity on the heart and contributing to the cardioprotective effect of estrogen hormones.49149

Repercussion of medium and long treatment period with continuous positive airways pressure therapy in heart rate variability of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a respiratory sleep disorder. Many of these patients also exhibit autonomic alterations which can be observed through heart rate variability (HRV). Currently, one of the treatments for apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). To observe OSA patients treated with CPAP exhibit HRV changes at medium and long treatment period. This is an integrative literature review conducted in May of 2018. The databases used for this research were PubMed, Scopus, Scielo and Pedro, the keywords used were “heart rate variability”, “obstructive sleep apnea” and “CPAP”. In this review was included original, published, randomized and non-randomized articles, released in the English language, before and up to April 2018, which specified the effects of CPAP therapy in autonomic dysfunction through the analysis of the HRV of patients diagnosed with OSA after at least one month of therapy. The research of the literature produced 113 articles. After excluding duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 articles were selected for this review. Conclusion: It was concluded that CPAP therapy is related to change in heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea12211011

Reproducibility Of An Incremental Treadmill Vo 2max Test With Gas Exchange Analysis For Runners

The evaluation of performance through the application of adequate physical tests during a sportive season may be a useful tool to evaluate training adaptations and determine training intensities. For runners, treadmill incremental VO 2max tests with gas exchange analysis have been widely used to determine maximal and submaximal parameters such as the ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) running speed. However, these tests often differ in methodological characteristics (e.g., stage duration, grade, and speed increment size), and few studies have examined the reproducibility of their protocol. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the reproducibility and determine the running speeds related to maximal and submaximal parameters of a specific incremental maximum effort treadmill protocol for amateur runners. Eleven amateur male runners underwent 4 repetitions of the protocol (25-second stages, each increasing by 0.3 km·h -1 in running speed while the treadmill grade remained fixed at 1%) after 3 minutes of warm-up at 8-8.5 km·h -1. We found no significant differences in any of the analyzed parameters, including VT, RCP, and VO 2max during the 4 repetitions (p . 0.05). Further, the results related to running speed showed high within-subject reproducibility (coefficient of variation , 5.2%). The typical error (TE) values for running speed related to VT (TE = 0.62 km·h -1), RCP (TE = 0.35 km·h -1), and VO 2max (TE = 0.43 km·h -1) indicated high sensitivity and reproducibility of this protocol. 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Metabolic Interpretation Of Ventilatory Parameters During Maximal Effort Test And Their Applicability To Sports [interpretação Metabólica Dos Parâmetros Ventilatórios Obtidos Durante Um Teste De Esforço Máximo E Sua Aplicabilidade No Esporte]

One important tool for producing specific and individualized training intensities is to determine ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by means of maximum effort testing. However, in order to be able to interpret these data in a wide-ranging manner, it is also important to understand the metabolic responses that occur during the test as the systems transporting and utilizing O2 and producing CO2 adjust. This review article presents an overview of the metabolic responses that take place during a hypothetical maximum effort test, and the applicability of the figures thus obtained to the training of athletes.93303310Hill, A.V., Lupton, H., Long, C.N.H., Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and supply and utilization of oxygen. The oxygen debt at the end of exercise (1924) Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 97, pp. 127-137Wasserman, K., Dyspnea on exertion: Is the heart or the lungs? 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