Concentrados protéicos para bovinos: 1. Digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e da proteína bruta Protein concentrates for bovines: 1. In situ digestibility of dry matter and crude protein

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a degradação ruminal, pela técnica in situ, da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) de 10 concentrados protéicos. As degradações potenciais da MS e da PB das farinhas de origem vegetal, soja, algodão, mamona e palmiste, mostraram-se elevadas (próximas a 100%), porém em função de taxas de degradação mais altas para o farelo de soja (10%) e menores para o algodão (4%), mamona (MS:3%; PB:1,2%) e palmiste (1,7%), as degradabilidades efetivas (DE) foram bem superiores para o farelo de soja, independentemente da taxa de passagem, o que a torna a fonte protéica de maior disponibilidade ruminal. O glúten de milho mostrou ser uma fonte protéica de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (DE da PB: 16% para 0,05 de taxa de passagem). Dentre os alimentos de origem animal, a maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta foi verificada para a farinha de carne e ossos ( 75,5%), seguida das farinhas de peixe I (58,5%), de penas e vísceras (52,3%) e de sangue (36,7%). A maior degradabilidade efetiva para a taxa de passagem de 5% foi a da farinha de carne e ossos (51%), seguida da farinha de peixe I (41%), de penas e vísceras (40,0%) e de sangue (33%). A farinha de peixe II apresentou valores muito baixos de degradabilidade, apenas 22% com 48h de incubação ruminal.<br>This work aimed to determine the in situ rumen digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) using 10 protein sources. Potential degradabilities of DM and CP of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, castorbean meal and palmist coconut meal were high (around 100%), however due to higher fractional degradation rates of soybean meal (10%) and lower for cottonseed meal (4%), castorbean meal (DM:3%, CP:1.2%) and palmist meal (1.7%), the effective degradability (ED) of soybean was significantly higher despite the rates of passage, showing this protein source has the highest ruminal nitrogen availability (from 86% to 63%, as rate of passage increased from 2 to 8%). Gluten meal is a low rumen degradable protein source (ED of CP: 16% for 0.05 passage rate). Among protein sources of animal origin, the highest potential CP degradability was observed for meat and bone meal (75.5%), followed by fish meal I (58.5%), feather and viscera meal (52.3%), and blood meal (36.7%). The highest ED for a passage rate of 5% was observed for meat and bone meal (51%), followed by fish meal I (41%), feather and viscera meal (40%) and blood meal (33%). Fish meal II showed very low rumen degradability with only 22% of CP disappearance at 48 hours of incubation

Desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagem pré-seca de alfafa adicionada de inoculante microbiano Performance of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa haylage with microbial inoculant

Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar os efeitos da inoculação microbiana da silagem pré-seca de alfafa sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção e composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, com 135 ± 16,4 dias de lactação, distribuídas em delineamento em reversão simples com seqüência balanceada ("cross-over"), com dois períodos sucessivos. Os tratamentos corresponderam à silagem pré-seca de alfafa (50,0% de MS e 16,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada com o produto Silobac® (Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus). Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo os cinco últimos dias destinados à coleta de dados. Não se observou efeito da inoculação sobre o CMS (inoculada = 17,8 vs. controle = 17,8 kg/animal/dia), a produção de leite corrigida para 4,0% de gordura (21,0 vs. 20,4 kg/dia), produção de leite (23,0 vs. 22,4 kg/dia), porcentagem de gordura (3,46 vs. 3,47%), proteína (2,96 vs. 2,93%), lactose (4,64 vs. 4,67%), sólidos totais (11,9 vs. 11,9%) e sólidos desengordurados (8,49 vs. 8,48%), CCS (5,43 vs. 5,16 log cel/10³/mL), NUL (11,7 vs. 12,1 mg/dl), acidez (15,9 vs. 16,4ºD), densidade (1030,1 vs. 1030,0) e crioscopia (-0,529 vs. -0,531ºH).<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding alfalfa haylage with microbial inoculat on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in Holstein cows, at 135 ± 16.4 days in milk. A cross-over design with two periods of sampling was used. Treatments were alfalfa haylage (50.0% DM and 16.5% CP) control or microbially inoculated with Silobac® product (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus). Each experimental period extended for twenty-one days, the last five used for data collection. The inoculation did not influence DMI (inoculated = 17.8 vs. control = 17.8 kg/animal/day), 4%FCM (21.0 vs. 20.4 kg/day), milk yield (23.0 vs. 22.4 kg/day), fat (3.46 vs. 3.47%), protein (2.96 vs. 2.93%), lactose (4.64 vs. 4.67%), total solids (11.9 vs. 11.9%) and fat free solids percentage (8.49 vs. 8.48%), SCC (5.43 vs. 5.16 log cell/10³/mL), MUN (11.7 vs. 12.1 mg/dl), acidity (15.9 vs. 16.4ºD), density (1030.1 vs. 1030.0) and cryoscopic index (-0.529 vs. -0.531ºH)

Search for a Dark-Matter-Induced Cosmic Axion Background with ADMX

We report the first result of a direct search for a cosmic axion background (CaB)—a relativistic background of axions that is not dark matter—performed with the axion haloscope, the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX). Conventional haloscope analyses search for a signal with a narrow bandwidth, as predicted for dark matter, whereas the CaB will be broad. We introduce a novel analysis strategy, which searches for a CaB induced daily modulation in the power measured by the haloscope. Using this, we repurpose data collected to search for dark matter to set a limit on the axion photon coupling of a CaB originating from dark matter cascade decay via a mediator in the 800–995 MHz frequency range. We find that the present sensitivity is limited by fluctuations in the cavity readout as the instrument scans across dark matter masses. Nevertheless, we suggest that these challenges can be surmounted using superconducting qubits as single photon counters, and allow ADMX to operate as a telescope searching for axions emerging from the decay of dark matter. The daily modulation analysis technique we introduce can be deployed for various broadband rf signals, such as other forms of a CaB or even high-frequency gravitational waves.We report the first result of a direct search for a Cosmic ${\it axion}$ Background (C$a$B) - a relativistic background of axions that is not dark matter - performed with the axion haloscope, the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX). Conventional haloscope analyses search for a signal with a narrow bandwidth, as predicted for dark matter, whereas the C$a$B will be broad. We introduce a novel analysis strategy, which searches for a C$a$B induced daily modulation in the power measured by the haloscope. Using this, we repurpose data collected to search for dark matter to set a limit on the axion photon coupling of a C$a$B originating from dark matter cascade decay via a mediator in the 800-995 MHz frequency range. We find that the present sensitivity is limited by fluctuations in the cavity readout as the instrument scans across dark matter masses. Nevertheless, we suggest that these challenges can be surmounted using superconducting qubits as single photon counters, and allow ADMX to operate as a telescope searching for axions emerging from the decay of dark matter. The daily modulation analysis technique we introduce can be deployed for various broadband RF signals, such as other forms of a C$a$B or even high-frequency gravitational waves