Effect of fat content, casing type and smoking procedures on PAHs contents of Portuguese traditional dry fermented sausages

Portuguese dry fermented sausages are traditionally processed through direct drying/smoking, making them susceptible to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of added fat (20% and 40%), casing type (hog and collagen) and smoking procedures (direct and indirect exposure) on the 16 EPA priority PAHs in dry fermented sausages manufactured according traditional processing. The total PAHs content (sum of 16 PAHs) found in whole product (casing included) varied between 150 and 870 lg kg 1, with more than 99% of this content corresponding to harmless low molecular weight compounds. Concerning benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and PAH4, the respective maximum contents (0.32 and 10.35 lg kg 1, respectively) did not exceed the imposed limits regulated by the European Union. According to our results, casing type was the most influential factor. For hog samples, fat content and smoking regime alone did not influenced the total PAHs amount. However, significantly higher (p < 0.05) contamination levels were detected in hog casing samples combining high fat content and direct smoking procedures. In opposition, irrespective of the fat content and smoking regime, safer products, with significantly lower (p < 0.001) contamination levels, were obtained when collagen casing was used

Análise numérica tridimensional de blocos sobre duas estacas

This paper compares the results between a non-linear three-dimensional numerical analysis of pile caps with two piles and the experimental study conducted by Delalibera. It is verified the load-carrying capacity, the crack pattern distribution, the principal stress in concrete and steel, the deflection and the fracture of the pile cap. The numerical analysis is executed with the finite-element software ATENA 3D, considering a perfect bond between concrete and steel. The numerical and experimental results are presented and have demonstrated a good approximation, reasserting the results of the experimental model and corroborating the theory.Neste artigo é realizado um estudo comparativo entre o comportamento experimental de blocos de concreto armado apoiados sobre duas estacas, a partir de modelo experimental de Delalibera, e o obtido a partir de análise numérica tridimensional não-linear. A comprovação de resultados é feita observando-se a força última, o panorama de fissuração, o fluxo de tensões atuantes no concreto e no aço, as deformações e o padrão de ruína. A simulação numérica do comportamento estrutural do bloco de concreto armado é realizada com o emprego do programa computacional de elementos finitos ATENA 3D, considerando a aderência perfeita entre as barras de aço da armadura e o concreto. Os resultados numéricos e experimentais são apresentados e quando comparados apresentam uma boa aproximação, comprovando os fundamentos teóricos e os resultados experimentais.252283Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

The role of estradiol in adrenal insufficiency and its interaction with corticosterone on hydromineral balance

AbstractEstradiol (E2) plays an important role in controlling the homeostasis of body fluids. Several studies have reported the involvement of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) in the homeostatic control of hydromineral balance and the influence of estrogens on the modulation of this system. Nevertheless, until now, the physiological relevance of HPA axis activity on the hydromineral balance in females has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of E2 (20μg/animal) pretreatment on neuroendocrine and hydroelectrolyte changes induced by adrenalectomy (ADX) with or without glucocorticoid hormone replacement (corticosterone, CORT; 10mg/kg) in ovariectomized rats (OVX). The results show that sodium appetite, natriuresis and the elevated plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) concentration induced by ADX were attenuated by E2 pretreatment. Additionally, a reduction of AT1 mRNA expression in the subfornical organ (SFO) and an increase in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations by E2 pretreatment were observed. E2 pretreatment reversed the reduction in water intake induced by ADX in ADX CORT-replaced rats. Moreover, E2 pretreatment attenuated corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) induced by ADX. In contrast, E2 pretreatment increased CRF mRNA expression in the PVN in ADX CORT-replaced rats. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 has an important role in the modulation of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses involved in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis in ADX rats with or without glucocorticoid replacement therapy

Quantum Confinement Effects On The Phonons Of Pbte Quantum Dots In Tellurite Glasses

We present Raman-scattering results for PbTe quantum dots (QDs) in doped telluride glasses which clearly show the confinement effects on the phonon spectra as a function of the quantum-dot size..6892Kraus and F. Wise;Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (25), 5102-05 (1997)Thoen, E.R., (1998) Appl, Phys. Lett, 73 (15), p. 2149Wise, F., (2000) Ace. Chem. Res, 33, pp. 773-780Tsuda, S., Cruz, C.H.B., (1991) Opt. Lett, 16, p. 1596Nakamura, A., Tokizaki, T., Akiyama, H., Kataoka, T., (1992) J. Lumin, 53, p. 105Ohtsuka, S., Koyama, T., Tsunetomo, K., Nagata, H., Tanaka, S., (1992) Appl. Phys. Lett, 61, p. 2953Tsunetomo, K., Ohtsuka, S., Koyama, T., Tanaka, S., Sasaki, F., Kobayashi, S., (1995) Nonlin. Opt, 13, p. 109Colvin, V.L., Schlamp, M.C., Alivisatos, A.P., (1995) Nature ∼London, 370, p. 354Dabbousi, M., Bawendi, G., Onitsuka, O., Rubner, M.F., (1995) Appl. Phys. Lett, 66, p. 1316Guerreiro, T., Ten, S., Borrelli, N.F., Butty, J., Jabbour, G.E., Peyghambarian, N., (1997) Appl. Phys. Lett, 71, p. 1595Murray, C.B., Kagan, C.R., Bawendi, M.G., (1995) Science, 270, p. 1335Kang, I., Wise, F.W., (1997) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14, p. 1632Reynoso, V.C.S., de Paula, A.M., Cuevas, R.F., Medeiros Neto, J.A., Alves, O.L., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., (1995) Electron. Lett, 31, p. 1013G.J.Jacob, C.L.Cesar,L.C.Barbosa, Chem.Phys.Glass 43C (2002)250-252Esch, V., Fluegel, B., Khitrova, G., Gibbs, H.M., Jiajin, X., Kang, K., Koch, S.W., Peyghambarian, N., (1990) Phys. Rev, B42, p. 7450Sercel, P.C., Valhala, K.J., (1990) Phys. Rev, B42, p. 3690Schoenlein, R.W., Mittleman, D.M., Shiang, J.J., Alivisatos, A.P., Shank, C.V., (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett, 70, p. 1014Ekimov, A.I., Hache, F., Schanne-Klein, M.C., Ricard, D., Flytzanis, C., Kudryavtsev, I.A., Yazeva, T.V., Efros, A.L., (1993) J. Opt. Soc. Am, B10, p. 100Norris, D.J., Sacra, A., Bawendi, C.B.M.M.G., (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett, 72, p. 2612de Oliveira, C.R.M., de Paula, A.M., Filho, F.O.P., Neto, J.A.M., Barbosa, L.C., Alves, O.L., Menezes, E.A., Cesar, C.L., (1995) Appl. Phys. Lett, 66, p. 439R. Ruppin and R. Englman, Rep. Prog. Phys. 33, 149 (1970)R. Ruppin, J. Phys. C: 8, 1969 (1975)Thoen, E.R., Steinmeyer, G., Langlois, P., Ippen, E.P., Tudury, G.E., Brito Cruz, C.H., Barbosa, L.C., Cesar, C.L., (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett, 73Krauss, T.D., Wise, F.W., Coherent and Acoustical Phonon in a Semiconductor Quantum DotsPhis (1997) Rev. Lett, 79, pp. 5102-510

Optical Tweezers 3d Photonic Force Spectroscopy

Since optical tweezers trapped microspheres can be used as an ultrasensitive force measurements technique, the knowledge of its theoretical description is of utmost importance. However, even the description of the incident electromagnetic fields under very tight focusing, typical of the optical trap, is not yet a closed problem. Therefore it is important to experimentally obtain whole accurate curves of the force as a function of wavelength, polarization and incident beam 3D position with respect to the center of the microsphere. Theoretical models for optical forces such as the Generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, can then be applied to the precisely evaluated experimental results. Using a dual trap in an upright standard optical microscope, one to keep the particle at the equilibrium position and the other to disturb it we have been able to obtain these force curves as a function of x, y and z position, incident beam polarization and also wavelength. Further investigation of optical forces was conducted for wavelengths in and out Mie resonances of the dielectric microspherical cavities for both TM and TE modes.6131Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J.M., Bjorkholm, J.E., Chu, S., Observation of a single-beam gradient force trap for dielectric particles (1986) Opt. Lett., 11, pp. 288-290Ashkin, A., Dziedzic, J.M., Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria (1987) Science, 235, pp. 1517-1520Grier, D.G., A revolution in optical manipulation (2003) Nature, 424, pp. 810-816Neuman, K.C., Block, S., Optical trapping (2004) Rev. Sci. Instrum., 75, pp. 2787-2809Lock, J.A., Calculation of the radiation trapping force for laser tweezers by use of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory. I. Localized model description of an on-axis tightly focused laser beam with spherical aberration (2004) Appl. Opt., 43, pp. 2532-2544Lock, J.A., Calculation of the radiation trapping force for laser tweezers by use of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory. II. On-axis trapping force (2004) Appl. Opt., 43, pp. 2545-2554Mazolli, A., Neto, P.A.M., Nussenzveig, H.M., Theory of trapping forces in optical tweezers (2003) Proc. Royal Soc. London Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 459, pp. 3021-3041Fontes, A., Neves, A.A.R., Moreira, W.L., De Thomaz, A.A., Barbosa, L.C., De Paula, A.M., Cesar, C.L., Double optical tweezers for ultrasensitive force spectroscopy in microsphere Mie scattering (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett., 87. , Art. No. 221109Ren, K.F., Gouesbet, G., Gréhan, G., Integral localized approximation in generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (1998) Appl. Opt., 37, pp. 4218-4225Lock, J.A., Excitation efficiency of a morphology-dependent resonance by a focused Gaussian beam (1998) J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15, pp. 2986-2994Davis, L.W., Theory of electromagnetic beams (1979) Phys. Rev. A, 19, pp. 1177-1779Ren, K.F., Gréhan, G., Gouesbet, G., Radiation pressure forces exerted on a particle arbitrarily located in a gaussian beam by using the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and associated resonance effects (1994) Opt. Commun., 108, pp. 343-354Ren, K.F., Gréhan, G., Gouesbet, G., Symmetry relations in generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (1994) J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 11, pp. 1812-181

Pbte Quantum Dots In Tellurite Glass Microstructured Optical Fiber

PbTe doped tellurite glass photonic optical fiber for non linear application were developed using rod in tube method in a draw tower. We follow the growth kinetics of the quantum dots in the optical fiber by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy giving some results related with the growth kinetic of the same in function of time so much for optical fiber as for the glass bulk. Absorption peak near 1500 nm as observed and it was attributed the optical resonance due PbTe quantum dots in the core fiber.6902Tsunetomo, K., (1995) Nonlinear Opt, 13, p. 109Borrelli, N.F., Smith, D.W., (1994) J. Non-Cryst. Soi, 180, p. 25Lipovskii, A., Kolobkova, E.A., Petrikov, V., Kang, I., Olkhovets, A., Krauus, T., Thomas, M., Kycia, S., (1997) Appl. Phys. Lett, 71, p. 3406Reynoso, V.C.S., de Paula, A.M., Cuevas, R.F., Medeiros Neto, J.A., Alves, O.L., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., (1995) Elect. Lett, 31 (12), pp. 1013-1014Rodrigues, E., Jimenez, E., Jacob, G.J., Neves, A.A.A., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., (2005) Phisica E, 26, pp. 321-325Jacob, G.J., Cesar, C.L., Barbosa, L.C., Tellurite Glass Doped with PbTe Quantum Dots (2002) Physics and Chemistry of Glass, 43 C, pp. 250-253Jacob, G.J., Rodriguez, E., Barbosa, L.C., Cesar, C.L., Tellurite Glass Optical fiber doped with PbTe Quantum DotsPhotonics West 2005, The International Society for Optical Engineering SPIEEnomoto, Y., Tokuyama, M., Kawasaki, K., (1986) Act. Metall, 34, p. 2139Marqusee, J.A., Ross, J., (1984) J. Chem. Phys, 80, p. 536Lifshitz, E.M., Slyozov, V.V., (1961) J. Phys. Chem. Sol, 19, p. 3

Avaliação do curso de Engenharia de Ordenamento dos Recursos Naturais

O relatório resulta do trabalho de avaliação ao curso de Engenharia de Ordenamento dos Recursos Naturais levado a cabo pela equipa de Auto-Avaliação da Escola Superior Agrária. Esta equipa, designada pelo Conselho Científico com a finalidade de proceder a todas as solicitações de avaliação tanto dos cursos como da instituição, é basicamente composta por um coordenador e um elemento de cada unidade departamental. Decorrente do tipo de curso que se está a avaliar juntam-se à equipa os respectivos coordenadores do curso e um relator. Além deste elementos participaram também neste trabalho um representante dos alunos (designado pela associação de estudantes) e dois funcionários representantes do pessoal administrativo e do pessoal não docente. Em termos metodológicos optou-se pelo seguimento do guião proposto pelo CNAVES, tendo-se recolhido informação de diversos modos: pesquisa documental e bases de dados nos serviços administrativos, inquéritos auto administrados a alunos, docentes e funcionários, inquérito postal aos diplomados e entrevistas directas às entidades empregadoras. Uma vez recolhida e tratada a informação procedeu-se à sua análise crítica tendo como referência os trabalhos de avaliação que até então decorreram relativamente à Escola e ao curso de Ordenamento dos Recursos Naturais

Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties

Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules, and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease

Tejo Internacional. Guia de Visita.

Em sintonia com os objetivos fixados aquando da criação do Parque Natural do Tejo Inernacional, em agosto de 2000, assume-se como propósito deste guia a apresentação de um instrumento de informação e orientação que potencie o respeito pelos valores intrínsecos do PNTI, bem como o usufruto e fruição equilibrada dos mesmos. Neste contexto procede-se a uma breve descrição caracterizadora do Território do Parque, informação relativa ao apoio à visitação, é ainda apresentado um elenco de espécies de fauna e flora.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Avaliação do curso de Engenharia Florestal

O relatório resulta do trabalho de avaliação ao curso de Engenharia Florestal levado a cabo pela equipa de Auto-Avaliação da Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco. Esta equipa, designada pelo conselho científico com a finalidade de proceder a todas as solicitações de avaliação tanto dos cursos como da instituição, é basicamente composta por um coordenador e um elemento de cada unidade departamental. Decorrente do tipo de curso que se está a avaliar juntam-se à equipa os respectivos coordenadores do curso e um relator. Além deste elementos participaram também neste trabalho um representante dos alunos (designado pela associação de estudantes) e dois funcionários representantes do pessoal administrativo e do pessoal não docente. Em termos metodológicos optou-se pelo seguimento do guião proposto pelo CNAVES, tendo-se recolhido informação de diversos modos: pesquisa documental e bases de dados nos serviços administrativos, inquéritos auto administrados a alunos, docentes e funcionários, inquérito postal aos diplomados e entrevistas directas às entidades empregadoras. Uma vez recolhida e tratada a informação procedeu-se à sua análise crítica tendo como referência os trabalhos de avaliação que até então decorreram relativamente à Escola e ao curso de Produção Florestal que antecedeu o actual curso de Engenharia Florestal