Investigation of various factors on the germination of chia seeds sprouts (Salvia hispanica L.)

ArticleSalvia hispanica L. is capable to produce a large amount of green matter, which can be used as a source of biologically active substances. The purpose of this research was to select the optimal factors for the chia seed sprouts (Salvia hispanica L.) germination. Dark variety chia seeds (100 grains/sample) were investigated. The most significant factors for the process of sprouting were selected as the study factors, such as the water mass fraction, the temperature and the light exposure for seed germination. The output parameters of the experiment were seed germination energy, germination of seeds, speed of germination and seedling vigor. It was revealed that the mass fraction of added water had the greatest influence on the growing process of chia seed sprouts. The optimal amount of water for producing the chia seed sprouts was in the average of 4 mL/sample. As a result, it was noted that an insufficient or excessive amount of water had a negative effect on the chia seed sprouts germination. The optimum temperature for germination of chia seed sprouts was 25 °C. The optimal light factor was also determined; in particular light exposure peaks occur in the red spectrum with a wavelength of 660 nm and a blue spectrum with a wavelength of 450 nm

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭПИДУРАЛЬНОЙ АНЕСТЕЗИИ БУПИВАКАИНОМ В ИНДУЦИРОВАННЫХ РОДАХ НА СОКРАТИТЕЛЬНУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ МАТКИ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПЛОДОВ САМКИ КРОЛИКА

Background: The influence of bupivacaine (0,5% — 1 ml) epidural anesthesia (EA) on 15 pregnant rabbit females induced in labor by oxytocin on the 30th day of pregnancy in chronic experiment was conducted. Materials and methods: 26 pregnant rabbit females took part in the investigation. 11 females were included in the control group and 15 — to the main group. Both groups retrospectively were divided in two on the fact of the delivery during the experiment. For each 5-minute interval the contractile activity of the myometrium (number of uterine contractions, duration and amplitude of the one uterine contraction), functional state of fetuses and female (ECG) were evaluated Registration of the parameters was carried out simultaneously with the help of electrodes which were administrated in the myometrium, to the fetuses and females on the 28th day of pregnancy. Results: It was shown that EA influence on the myometrium contractile activity and functional state of fetuses and female depends on the female delivery readiness. Conclusion: In the case of the optimal one short-term increase of the contractile activity (on the 15th minute after EA) with no significant fetal heart rate changes were observed. In the case of its absence no significant influence was revealed. Moderate female tachycardia in both groups under EA was registered more pronounced in delivery one group.Цель исследования: в хронических опытах сопоставить параметры сократительной активности матки у самок, ЭКГ у плодов и самоккролика, получавших и не получавших эпидуральную анестезию (ЭА), в индуцированных окситоцином родах при различной степени их биологической готовности к процессу. Материалы и методы: исследование проведено в хроническом опыте на 30-й день беременности на 15 беременных самках кролика контрольной и 11 самках подопытной группы. По результатам индукции родов все самки ретроспективно были разделены на группы вступивших и не вступивших в роды. Изучали влияние ЭА бупивакаином (0,5% – 1 мл) на сократительную активность матки самок, функциональное состояние самок и их плодов в индуцированных окситоцином родах при различной степени биологической готовности животных к родам. Сократительную активность миометрия оценивали по числу маточных сокращений, продолжительности и амплитуде одного маточного сокращения за каждый пятиминутный интервал. Функциональное состояние плодов и самки оценивали по изменению частоты их сердечных сокращений. Регистрацию исследуемых параметров осуществляли с помощью электродов, которые вводили в миометрий матки, в мышцы межлопаточной области плодов на 28-й день беременности. Результаты: показано, что при оптимальной готовности самок к родам после проведения ЭА отмечалось кратковременное (на 15-й мин) увеличение маточной активности, значимо не влияющее на сердечный ритм плодов. Выводы: у самок, не имевших биологической готовности к родам, проведение ЭА значимого влияния на сократительную активность матки и функциональное состояние плодов не оказывало. У вступивших в роды самок зарегистрировано более продолжительное учащение сердцебиения, чем у не вступивших в роды животных

On the unitarization of linear representations of primitive partially ordered sets

We describe all weights which are appropriated for the unitarization of linear representations of primitive partially ordered sets of finite type

ENVIRONMENTS OF SOUTHWESTERN SIBERIA AND NORTHWESTERN MONGOLIA IN THE LATE HOLOCENE (BASED ON THE LAKE SEDIMENTS STUDY)

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Молекулярный анализ гена GID1 у Dasypyrum villosum и создание ДНК-маркера для его идентификации

Dasypyrum villosum is an annual cereal used as a donor of agronomic traits for wheat. Productivity is one of the most important traits that breeding is aimed at. It is a very complex trait, the formation of which is influenced by many different factors, both internal (the genotype of the plant) and external. The genes responsible for the gibberellin sensitivity played a large role in multiplying yields of cereal crops. Another such gene is the Gid1, which encodes a receptor for gibberellins. This article compares the DNA sequences of the Gid1 gene obtained from six Dasypyrum villosum samples. Using a sequence of wheat and rye taken from the GenBank database (NCBI), we selected primers for regions of different genomes (A, B, and D subgenomes of wheat and the R genome of rye), and carried out a polymerase chain reaction on D. villosum accessions of diverse geographical origin. The resulting PCR product was sequenced by an NGS method. Based on the assembled sequences, DNA markers have been created that make it possible to differentiate these genes of the V genome and homologous genes of wheat origin. Using monosomic addition, substitution, and translocation wheat lines, the localization of the Gid1 gene of D. villosum was established on the long arm of the first V chromosome. A phenotypic assessment of common wheat lines carrying substituted, translocated, or added D. villosum chromosomes in their karyotype was performed. Tendency of disappearance of the first chromosome of D. villosum in the lines with added chromosomes was revealed.Dasypyrum villosum (VV) - однолетний злак, зарекомендовавший себя в качестве донора хозяйственно-ценных признаков для пшеницы. Один из важнейших показателей, на который направлена селекция,- урожайность, являющаяся сложным, комплексным признаком. На его формирование влияет множество различных факторов. Большую роль в росте урожайности злаковых культур сыграли гены, регулирующие физиологический ответ растений на гиббереллины, одним из которых стал ген Gid1 , являющийся рецептором активных форм этих фитогормонов. Приведено сравнение частичных ДНК-последовательностей гена Gid1 , секвенированных у двух образцов Dasypyrum villosum . Используя последовательности пшеницы и ржи, взятые из базы данных GenBank (NCBI), подобрали праймеры на участки разных геномов (субгеномы А, В и D пшеницы и геном R ржи) и провели полимеразную цепную реакцию на образцах дазипирума мохнатого различного происхождения. Полученный ПЦР-продукт был секвенирован методом NGS. На основе секвенированных нуклеотидных последовательностей создан ДНК-маркер, позволяющий дифференцировать данные гены генома V и гомологичные гены пшеничного происхождения. С использованием моносомно-дополненных, замещенных и транслоцированных линий пшеницы впервые установлена локализация гена Gid1 на хромосомах Dasypyrum villosum . Показано расположение данного гена на длинном плече первой хромосомы генома V (1VL). Проведена фенотипическая оценка линий мягкой пшеницы, имеющих в своем кариотипе замещенные, транслоцированные или дополненные хромосомы Dasypyrum villosum

Reconstruction of Holocene environmental changes in North-Western Pacific in relation to paleorecord from Shikotan Island

Results of a paleolimnological investigation of a well-dated lake sediment section from Shikotan Island (Southern Kurils) showed that from ca 8.0 to 5.8 cal ka BP a warm and humid period corresponding to middle Holocene optimum took place. Cooling thereafter corresponds to Neoglacial. A reconstructed from ca 0.9 to ca 0.58 cal ka BP warm period can correspond to a Medieval Warm Period. Cooling after 0.58 cal ka BP can be correlated with the LIA. Marine regression stages were identified at ca 6.2–5.9, 5.5– 5.1 and 1.07–0.36 cal ka BP. The general chronology of major climatic events of Holocene in the island is in accordance with the climate records from the North Pacific region. Revealed spatial differences in timing and magnitude of the Late Holocene climatic episodes (LIA, MWP) in the region needs further investigations

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14�294 geography�year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95 uncertainty interval 61·4�61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5�72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7�17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5�70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1 (2·6�5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0 (15·8�18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1 (12·6�16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1 (11·9�14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1, 39·1�44·6), malaria (43·1, 34·7�51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8, 24·8�34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1, 19·3�37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146�000 deaths, 118�000�183�000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393�000 deaths, 228�000�532�000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost YLLs) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1�4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980�2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age�sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, 5·8 million (95 uncertainty interval UI 5·7�6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7�53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3�43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6�2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1�57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6�3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. Interpretation Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license

Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10�54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68 in 1990 to more than 80 in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91 coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78 of four antenatal care visits, 81 of in-facility delivery, and 87 of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care�including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens