THE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATERSHED EFFECT ON THE HETEROTROPHIC METABOLISM IN THE LAKE ONEGO ECOSYSTEM

Lake Onego, as one of the largest water bodies in a humid zone, is the recipient of terrestrial carbon and plays an important role in the global balance of this element. Due to heterotrophic metabolism in the Lake Onego ecosystem, substantial emissions of carbon dioxide from this lake into the atmosphere can be assumed. However, the extent of this phenomenon is still poorly known. As a climate change has led to an increase in water and organic matter flow into the northern water bodies, the carbon balance study of aquatic ecosystems is of particular relevance. The elements of the water balance for the Lake Onego catchment area in the current climate conditions are assessed. Based on satellite images the model of Lake Onego watershed terrestrial ecosystems is used to simulate the flow of organic matter into the lake with different types of vegetation and topography consideration. The assessment of the benthic communities habitat is carried out taking into account the accumulation of organic matter in various parts of Lake Onego

TEACHING AND UPBRINGING OF STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE REQUIREMENTS OF A LEARNER-CENTRED APPROACH

O artigo apresentado é dedicado à questão da organização do ensino de educação para alunos aprendentes em instituições de ensino superior. Baseado nos trabalhos de I.A. Zimnyaya, T.I. Ilyin, V.V. Kraevsky, G.M. Kodzhaspirova, I. Ya. Lerner, I.F. Kharlamov e outros pesquisadores, os autores esclareceram o conceito de "ensino de educação para estudantes universitários", analisaram seus componentes, sistematizaram a experiência nacional e estrangeira na organização do ensino de educação para estudantes em instituições de ensino superior. O artigo também apresenta o complexo de condições pedagógicas do autor que promove a organização do ensino de educação para estudantes universitários. O complexo inclui os seguintes componentes: correção das orientações de valor dos alunos no processo educacional de uma universidade; o desenvolvimento da atividade cognitiva dos estudantes e a construção do processo educacional em uma universidade, levando em consideração os requisitos de uma abordagem centrada no aluno.El documento presentado está dedicado al tema de la organización de la enseñanza de la educación para los estudiantes que aprenden en instituciones de educación superior. Basado en los trabajos de I.A. Zimnyaya, T.I. Ilyin, V.V. Kraevsky, G.M. Kodzhaspirova, yo. Ya. Lerner, I.F. Kharlamov y otros investigadores, los autores aclararon el concepto de "enseñanza de educación para estudiantes universitarios", analizaron sus componentes, sistematizaron la experiencia nacional y extranjera en la organización de la enseñanza de educación para estudiantes en instituciones de educación superior. El documento también presenta el complejo de condiciones pedagógicas del autor que promueve la organización de la enseñanza de educación para estudiantes universitarios. El complejo incluye los siguientes componentes: corrección de las orientaciones de valor de los estudiantes en el proceso educativo de una universidad; El desarrollo de la actividad cognitiva de los estudiantes y la construcción del proceso educativo en una universidad teniendo en cuenta los requisitos de un enfoque centrado en el alumno.The presented paper is devoted to the issue of organization of upbringing teaching for students which are learners in higher educational institutions. Based on the works of I.A. Zimnyaya, T.I. Ilyin, V.V. Kraevsky, G.M. Kodzhaspirova, I. Ya. Lerner, I.F. Kharlamov and other researchers, the authors clarified the concept of "upbringing teaching for university students", analysed its components, systematised domestic and foreign experience in organizing upbringing teaching for students in higher educational institutions. The paper also presents the author’s complex of pedagogical conditions that promotes the organization of upbringing teaching for university students. The complex includes the following components: correction of students' value orientations in the educational process of a university; the development of cognitive activity of students and the construction of the educational process at a university taking into account the requirements of a learner-centred approach.   &nbsp

Potential risk factors for diabetes mellitus type 1

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) develops as a result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition to T1D turns into clinical reality only in half of hereditary cases, which indirectly indicates the importance of external factors, the significance of which is periodically reviewed. Retrospective and prospective clinical foreign and national studies were included. PubMed, Medline and eLibrary were searched. Modern ideas about the possible impact of the main prenatal and postnatal environmental factors on the development of autoimmune response against insulin-producing islet cells and T1D were discussed. The risk of developing type 1 diabetes is determined by the complex interaction of environmental factors and genetic predisposition. The mechanisms of their influence remain rather unknown. Further research is needed to determine strategies of primary and secondary prevention of T1D

Phenotypic effects of the dwarfing gene Rht-17 in spring durum wheat under two climatic conditions

Alleles of the genes, conferring a dwarfing phenotype, play a crucial role in wheat breeding, as they not only reduce plant height, ensuring their resistance to lodging, but also have a number of positive and negative pleiotropic effects on plant productivity. Durum wheat carries only two subgenomes (A and B), which limits the use of the D-subgenome genes and requires the expansion of the arsenal of dwarfing alleles and the study of their effects on height and agronomically important traits. We studied the effect of the gibberellin-insensitive allele Rht-B1p in the B2F2:3 families, developed by crossing Chris Mutant /#517//LD222 in a field experiment in Moscow and Krasnodar. In our experiments, plants homozygous for Rht-B1p were shorter than those homozygous for the wild-type allele Rht-B1a by 36.3 cm (40 %) in Moscow and 49.5 cm (48 %) in Krasnodar. In the field experiment in Krasnodar, each plant with Rht-B1p had one less internode than any plant with Rht-B1a, which additionally contributed to the decrease in plant height. Grain weight per main spike was lower in plants with Rht-B1p than in plants with Rht-B1a by 12 % in Moscow and by 23 % in Krasnodar due to a decrease in 1000 grain weight in both regions of the field experiment. The number of grains per main spike in plants with Rht-B1p was higher in comparison to that with Rht-B1a by 6.5 % in Moscow due to an increase in spikelet number per main spike and by 11 % in Krasnodar due to an increase in grain number per spikelet. The onset of heading in plants with Rht-B1p in comparison with the plants with the wild-type allele Rht-B1a was 7 days later in Krasnodar. The possibility and prospects for the use of Rht-B1p in the breeding of durum wheat are discussed

Tax Risks in the Company's Accounting System: Essence, Identification and Control

The article considers issues on reduction of the tax risk in the framework of management accounting. The main characteristics that are inherent in tax risk have been determined; taxpayers' behavior patterns have been distinguished. The authors have examined the relationship of tax planning and tax risk and determined its particular importance in order to reduce tax risk. Modern problems of management of company's tax risks as an integral part of the common management decision-making system have been also considered. The necessity of scientific research, the use of different methods of reducing tax risks in the company, the development of risk management strategies in the form of risk prediction have been proved. Tax risk functions have been identified and measures of their accounting, in order to reduce tax risks have been proposed. The main principles of tax risks assessment associated with the concept of acceptable risk, specifying risk threshold amount, and calculation of the value of economic damage of indicators that are necessary for risk management have been revealed. Keywords: Risk Management, Tax Planning, Tax Risk JEL Classification: F15; M41; G1

THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF RUSSIA AND IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF PREPARED CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS)

The paper presents data on the role of vitamin D and calcium in the function of many human organs and tissues. Lifestyle, dietary preferences, and insufficient physical activity contribute to the high prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies in the adult population of Russia, causing different diseases and abnormalities. The authors have worked out recommendations for the preventive use of vitamin D and calcium in healthy population, give consumption rates for these substances, and describe the clinical and laboratory signs of vitamin D deficiency and indications for screening. They also propose treatment regimens for vitamin D deficiency and depict the signs of intoxication inoverdose. Particular emphasis is laid on the place of vitamin D and calcium in the therapy of osteoporosis

Predictors of rethrombosis and death in patients with COVID-19 after lower limb arterial thrombectomy for acute ischemia

Aim. To identify predictors of rethrombosis and death in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after thrombectomy for acute lower limb ischemia.Material and methods. For the period from April 2020 to January 2022, 189 pa tients with acute arterial lower limb thrombosis and acute lower limb ischemia were included in this study. In all cases, a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 was obtained. According to chest multislice computed tomography, bilateral multisegmental pneumonia was identified as follows: 76 patients — grade 2 (25-50% of lung tissue involvement); 52 patients — grade 3 (50-75%); 61 patients — grade 4 (>75%). Breathing was carried out as follows: in 88 patients — spontaneous; in 42 — with oxygen administration by nasal cannula; 26 — non-invasive ventilation; 33 had artificial ventilation. All acute arterial thromboses developed within the hospital at 4,5±1,5 days after hospitalization. The time between the onset to diagnosis verification was 27,8±5,0 min. The revascularization strategy was established by a multidisciplinary team meeting. The interval between the development of acute ischemia symptoms and surgery was 45,9±6,3 minutes. Thrombectomy was performed according to the standard technique, under local and/or intravenous anesthesia, using 3F-7F Fogarty catheters.Results. Retrombosis developed in 80,4% of cases 6,4±5,1 hours after surgery. In 59,8% of cases, retrombectomy turned out to be ineffective and the patient underwent limb amputation. In 65,6% of patients, a death was established due to multiple organ dysfunction. Among them, limb amputation was performed in 103 patients. Binary logistic regression identified following predictors of retrombosis/ death: age over 70 years (odds ratio (OR), 30,73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 11,52-33,7), obesity (OR, 15,53; 95% CI, 6,41-78,19), diabetes (OR 14,21; 95% CI, 5,86-49,21), vasopressor support (OR 8,55; 95% CI, 4,94-17,93), mechanical ventilation (OR 7,39; 95% CI, 4,81-16,52).Conclusion. Predictors of retrombosis and death in patients with COVID-19 after lower limb arterial thrombectomy are age over 70 years, obesity, diabetes, vasopressor support, and mechanical ventilation

Изучение структурных особенностей соединительной ткани век у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой

PURPOSE: To study collagen structures of periorbital tissues of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: During the surgeries of 12 patients aged 55-87, 17 samples of various tissues were taken: 13 eyelid skin samples of 8 patients during blepharoplasty, 3 cartilage samples during eyelid eversion surgery, 1 sample of sclera during nonpenetrating deep sclerotomy. In total, 7 samples were obtained from patients with stages II and III of POAG and 10 samples from patients without glaucoma. We measured the endothermic temperature peak (Td) and enthalpy ΔHd) of denaturation process using differential scanning calorimetry (Phoenix DSC 204, «Netzsch», Germany) to estimate the crosslinking level of the examined tissues. RESULTS: ΔHd and Td medians of eyelid skin samples of patients aged 55-60 (median - 57 years) without POAG were equal to 7.03 J/g of dry weight and 66.600С, respectively. In contrast, patients of an older age group - 72-79 years (median - 75 years) revealed higher values of this parameter: 9.12 J/g of dry weight and 67.25°С. Moreover, the patients of the same age group (median - 74 years) with POAG showed even higher values of these parameters: 9.33 J/g of dry weight and 67.35°С, respectively. Thermomechanical parameters of eyelid cartilage of same age patients (71-78 years) were different in POAG/No POAG cases: 8.26 J/g of dry weight and 66.6°С, and 10.106 J/g of dry weight and 67,1°С respectively. A clinical case of a metabolic disorder of eyelid connective tissue and sclera is presented: a 72-year old patient K. with stage II POAG in OD and stage III POAG in OS and initial cataract of OU. ΔHd and Тd of OD eyelid skin (9.97 J/g of dry weight and 66.3°С) were lower than in OS (13.1 J/g of dry weight and 66.4°С). ΔHd and Тd of the OS sclera were 4.8 J/g of dry weight and 65.9°С. After glaucoma surgery in OS, excessive scarring along newly formed outflow paths was noted. CONCLUSION: A clear age-related rising trend of collagen crosslinking level and collagen content increase in eyelid tissues (skin and cartilage) was revealed. Respective parameters in POAG patients were higher than in patients of the same age group without glaucoma.ЦЕЛЬ. Изучение особенностей коллагеновых структур тканей придаточного аппарата глаза у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ). МЕТОДЫ. У 12 пациентов в возрасте от 55 до 87 лет в ходе хирургических вмешательств были взяты 17 образцов различных тканей: 13 образцов кожи век 8 пациентов при блефаропластических операциях, 3 образца хряща 3 пациентов при устранении выворота века, 1 образец склеры у 1 пациента при непроникающей глубокой склерэктомии. У пациентов с ПОУГ II и III стадий взяты 7 образцов тканей и 10 фрагментов - у пациентов без глаукомы. Для оценки уровня поперечной связанности коллагена определяли термомеханические показатели образцов исследуемых тканей - эндотермический температурный пик (Тд) и энтальпию (ΔHд) процесса денатурации с помощью дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии (Phoenix DSC 204, «Netzsch», Германия). РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Медианы ΔHд и Тд образцов кожи век пациентов в возрасте 55-60 лет (медиана - 57 лет) без ПОУГ составляли 7,03 Дж/г сухого веса и 66,60°С соответственно. В то же время у пациентов более старшей возрастной группы - 72-79 лет (медиана - 75 лет) без ПОУГ эти показатели были выше: 9,12 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,25°С. У пациентов с ПОУГ той же возрастной группы (медиана - 74 года) эти показатели были еще выше - 9,33 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,35°С соответственно. Термомеханические показатели хряща век пациентов близкого возраста (71-78 лет) без ПОУГ и с ПОУГ также оказались различными, составляя соответственно 8,26 Дж/г сухого веса и 66,6°С; 10,10 Дж/г сухого веса и 67,1°С соответственно. Представлен клинический пример нарушения метаболизма соединительной ткани век и склеры: пациент К., 72 года, с диагнозом ПОУГ II а правого глаза, ПОУГ III а левого глаза, начальная катаракта обоих глаз. ΔHд и Тд кожи века правого глаза (9,97 Дж/г и 66,3°С) оказались ниже, чем левого (13,1 Дж/г и 66,4°С). ΔHд и Тд склеры левого глаза составили 4,8 Дж/г и 65,9°С. После антиглаукоматозной операции левого глаза зафиксировано избыточное рубцевание вновь созданных путей оттока. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Выявлена отчетливая тенденция к увеличению поперечной связанности коллагена и его содержания в тканях век (кожи и хряща) с возрастом, при этом у пациентов с ПОУГ эти показатели оказались выше, чем у лиц той же возрастной группы без глаукомы

Сравнительная характеристика различных способов изолированной химиоперфузии печени

Background. Metastatic liver injury is a  distinct oncological problem, irrespective of primary malignancy. Resection surgery is not always feasible in such patients. Isolated liver chemoperfusion is a promising treatment option in multiple small-focal metastatic organic lesions. This technique is technically complex, which limits its broader evaluation and adoption in clinical practice. The diversity of isolated liver chemoperfusion techniques does not allow an adequate assessment of world experience and requires further research. The important considerations with introducing isolated liver chemoperfusion are: an optimal surgical technique, liver isolation control method, as well as physiological arterial and portal blood flow maintenance.Materials and methods. A total of 21 patients were surveyed over June 2020 — December 2021. The patients were divided into 3 prospective cohorts: A) arteriocaval chemoperfusion, midline laparotomy access, technical-guided liver isolation, B) arteriocaval chemoperfusion, “in J laparotomy” access, ICG-guided liver isolation, C) arterio-porto-caval chemoperfusion, “in J laparotomy” access, ICG-guided liver isolation. A procedure’s tolerance was assessed with: the duration of surgery, postoperative ICU bed-days, total postoperative bed-days, hepatic cytolysis rates, chemotherapy side-effects severity.Results and discussion. The duration of surgery shortened with “in J laparotomy”. Haemotoxicity did not differ between cohorts A and B, albeit appearing significantly lower in cohort C. The cytolytic syndrome duration statistically significantly reduced in C vs. A and B cohorts.Conclusion. All the isolated liver chemoperfusion techniques employed are patient-safe. In ICG-guided liver isolation, the agent leakage into systemic blood flow is less likely, indicating a lower haemotoxicity. Arterioportal isolated chemoperfusion is more physiological compared to other techniques, thus facilitating lower hepatotoxicity. The use of “in J laparotomy” significantly reduces liver mobilisation and vascular cannulation times. Введение. Метастатическое поражение печени является отдельной проблемой онкологии независимо от первичного злокачественного заболевания. Резекционная хирургия не всегда осуществима у таких пациентов. При множественном мелкоочаговом метастатическом поражении органа многообещающим является лечение методом изолированной химиоперфузии печени. Эта методика технически сложна, что ограничивает её изучение и внедрение в широкую клиническую практику. Разнообразие способов проведения изолированной химиоперфузии печени не позволяет однозначно оценивать накопленный мировой опыт и требует дальнейшего изучения. В процессе внедрения изолированной химиоперфузии печени важными вопросами являются: оптимальная хирургическая техника, способ контроля изоляции печени, поддержание физиологичного артериального и портального кровотока.Материалы и методы. В исследовании принял участие 21 пациент в период с июня 2020 по декабрь 2021 г. Пациенты разделены на 3 проспективные группы: A) артерио-кавальная химиоперфузия печени, доступ через срединную лапаротомию, технический контроль полноты изоляции печени, B) артерио-кавальная химиоперфузия печени, доступ через J-лапаротомию, ICG-контроль полноты изоляции печени, C) артерио-порто-кавальная химиоперфузия печени, доступ через J-лапаротомию, ICG-контроль полноты изоляции печени. С целью оценки переносимости процедуры оценивались: длительность операции. послеоперационный койко-день в  отделении интенсивной терапии, общий послеоперационный койко-день, показатели печеночного цитолиза, выраженность побочных эффектов химиопрепарата.Результаты и обсуждение. Длительность операции сократилась с применением J-лапаротомии. Выраженность гематологической токсичности не различалась между группами A и B, однако значительно ниже в группе С. Длительность цитолитического синдрома статистически значимо снизилась в группе C при сравнении с группами A и B.Заключение. Все примененные нами способы изолированной химиоперфузии печени безопасны для пациента. При контроле изоляции печени с применением ICG снижается вероятность утечки химиопрепарата в системный кровоток, что показывает меньшую гематологическую токсичность. Проведение артерио-портальной изолированной химиоперфузии физиологичнее других примененных способов и способствует снижению гепатотоксичности. Применение J-лапаротомии значительно сокращает время мобилизации печени и канюляции сосудов.

Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65·3 years (UI 65·0-65·6) in 1990, to 71·5 years (UI 71·0-71·9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47·5 million (UI 46·8-48·2) to 54·9 million (UI 53·6-56·3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute differences between countries decreased but relative differences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative differences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10·7%, from 4·3 million deaths in 1990 to 4·8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation