Ethical issues in the prevention of H1N1: the Malaysian experience

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Antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activities of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves

Objective: To evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of the extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis   leaves. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of leaves of S. jamaicensis was prepared, with successive extraction in soxhlet apparatus with 300 ml of methanol for 24 h. The methanol extract of the leaves of S. jamaicensis (250 and 500 mg/kg) was studied for antidiarrheal activity using castor oil and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea models in mice. The antimicrobial activity of the extract (10 mg/ml) was determined by disk diffusion method. Results: At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the methanol extract showed significant antidiarrheal activity (P < 0.05). When tested for antibacterial activity, the methanol extract displayed moderate inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa   , with an MIC value of 5.00 mg/ml. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that S. jamaicensis leaves could be a potential source for novel ′lead′ discovery for antidiarrheal drug development

Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants' Extracts

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed

Antimicrobial Activities and Toxicity of Crude Extract of the Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus Pods

The extract of the Psophocarpus tetragonolobus pods has been tested for antimicrobial activity in a disk diffusion assay on eight human pathogenic bacteria and two human pathogenic yeasts. The extracts of P. tetragonolobus possessed antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The ethanolic extract of P. tetragonolobus pods was further tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality test and in vitro sheep erythrocyte cytotoxic assay. The brine shrimp lethality test exhibited no significant toxicity (LC50=1.88 mg/ml) against Artemia salina, whereas sheep erythrocyte test showed significant toxicity. The reason for haemolysis of erythrocyte was discussed. The P. tetragonolobus extract with high LC50 value signified that this plant is not toxic to human. This result also suggested that the ethanolic extract of P. tetragonolobus pods is potential source for novel antimicrobial compounds

Hepatoprotective Potential of Clitoria ternatea Leaf Extract Against Paracetamol Induced Damage in Mice

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In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Potential of Lantadene A, a Pentacyclic Triterpenoid of Lantana Plants

Lantadenes are pentacyclic triterpenoids present in the leaves of the plant Lantana camara. In the present study, in vitro antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of lantadene A was evaluated using established in vitro models such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•), hydroxyl radical (OH•), nitric oxide radical (NO•), superoxide anion scavenging activities and ferrous ion chelating assay. Interestingly, lantadene A showed considerable in vitro antioxidant, free radical scavenging capacity activities in a dose dependant manner when compared with the standard antioxidant in nitric oxide scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating assay. These findings show that the lantadene A possesses antioxidant activity with different mechanism of actions towards the different free radicals tested. Since lantadene A is a very popular drug in modern medicine, it is a promising candidate for use as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent