Features of Chronic Bronchitis in Different Age Groups

Background: Lung diseases are assuming greater relevance and importance today. Chronic bronchitis is a self-nosology, which may precede the development of COPD, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. The main problem in this disease is caused by late diagnosis and treatment due to the delay by patients in seeking medical help. The aim of the work was to study the distribution and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially chronic bronchitis, depending on various factors, including age. Methods: We examined 1779 persons, including 855 men and 924 women. The mean age of the population was 35.83±8.3 years. We conducted surveys and spirometry. The outcome was assessed after a bronchodilation test was performed with salbutamol 400 mcg. We performed all statistical analysis using software package Statistica 10. Results: We identified chronic bronchitis in 9.2% of the cases in the group of younger individuals and in 14.9% of the cases in the group of older individuals, during the active detection of chronic bronchitis using questionnaires. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was slightly higher among the younger (39.5%) than the older persons (33.6%); the frequency of smoking in a group of chronic bronchitis was reliably higher. Also, in this group, the performance spirometry reliably decreased. Conclusions: Outpatient survey is an effective method of identifying chronic bronchitis. Smoking is a major risk factor in the group of young respondents and the prevalence of smoking is inversely related to the education level of the respondents, regardless of age. As the decline in the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) is the main criterion diagnosis of COPD, it revealed significant declines in the FEV1 of the younger smoking individuals, which may help to predict the development of COPD in the older age group

Проблемы и перспективы создания инклюзивного общества

Any country positioning itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state asserts human being, his life, rights and freedoms as the highest values. In this sense, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation are no exceptions, and they promote respect for these values building their domestic and foreign policies as aimed at improving the life quality of their citizens, regardless to their religion and social status. Therefore, a policy priority is to ensure equal opportunities for all categories of citizens to exercise their constitutional rights. The principle of equal opportunities for people to meet their immediate needs is at the heart of inclusion. Inclusion is the final stage of creating a barrier-free environment, in which any member of society can freely study, work and receive various services. Therefore, studying the inclusion current state in the society and prospects for its development is quite an urgent problem. The article discusses the problematic aspects in forming the inclusive society, states and prospects of developing the system of inclusive education in Kazakhstan and Russia; pays attention to the role of inclusive culture. Cases of the inclusive culture formation in inclusive education are given. It describes own experience of developing an inclusive culture among government and civil servants during training and research activities to develop sign language skills. The authors conclude on the need to modernize public and individual consciousness in order to change the attitude to the inclusion problems.Любая страна, позиционирующая себя как демократическое, светское, правовое и социальное государство, в качестве высших ценностей утверждает человека, его жизнь, права и свободы. Республика Казахстан и Российская Федерация в этом смысле не являются исключениями и транслируют соблюдение этих ценностей, выстраивая свою внутреннюю и внешнюю политику как направленную на улучшение качества жизни своих граждан вне зависимости от вероисповедания и социального статуса. Поэтому одним из приоритетных направлений политики выступает обеспечение равных возможностей в реализации всеми категориями граждан своих конституционных прав. Принцип равных возможностей в удовлетворении людьми своих насущных потребностей лежит в основе инклюзии. Инклюзия является конечным этапом создания безбарьерной среды, в условиях которой любой член общества может беспрепятственно учиться, трудиться и получать различные услуги. Следовательно, изучение актуального состояния инклюзии в обществе и перспектив ее развития представляется достаточно насущной проблемой. В статье обсуждаются проблемные аспекты в становлении инклюзивного общества, состояние и перспективы развития системы инклюзивного образования Казахстана и России, уделяется внимание роли инклюзивной культуры. Приводятся примеры по формированию инклюзивной культуры в условиях инклюзивного образования. Описывается собственный опыт развития инклюзивной культуры у государственных и гражданских служащих в ходе проведения тренингов и реализации проектно-исследовательской деятельности по развитию навыков владения жестовой речью. В заключение делаются выводы о необходимости модернизации общественного и индивидуального сознания для изменения отношения к проблемам инклюзии

Development of extrusion equipment and technology for the production of cereals

As a result, an integrated approach has been optimized structure designed muesli bars, represented by the modernized technology of their production, developed a mathematical model of motion of the molten product in the form of channels and extrusion of the matrix on the basis of the data presented molding construction site

Widespread distribution of HLA-DR-expressing cells in macroscopically undiseased intima of the human aorta : a possible role in surveillance and maintenance of vascular homeostasis

The architectonics and cell composition of the human large arteries are not sufficiently understood. The present study is the first to undertake an analysis of the distribution and quantities of HLA-DR-expressing cells in grossly undiseased human intima using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analysis, complemented by the advantages of confocal microscopy. The study revealed a widespread distribution of HLA-DR-expressing cells throughout the intimal space where the cells were integrated into continuous networks via long cell processes. Numbers of HLA-DR+ cells were found to be significantly larger in the middle third of the intima than in the superficial and deep intimal portions. We speculate that a widespread distribution of HLA-DR-expressing cells in the intima of normal human aorta might play a role in the surveillance and maintenance of vascular homeostasis

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCYOF NATIONAL STUDENT COMPETITION

The article considers the new ways and methods for improving the efficiency of national student contests and Olympiads as a tool for identifying and supporting young talents. The authors suggest a new approach to the organization of the Olympiad movement including such principles as the limitation of the state’s role (it should be only a general initiator and supporter), segmentation of contest types, determination of contestants’ level, finding the optimal combinationbetween of the system’s stability and its capability to develop

DIVERSITY OF FOREST COMMUNITIES OF THE PROJECTED ECOLOGICAL TRAIL AROUND VISIMSKIY RESERVE

The present phytodiversity of the projected ecological trail in the protected zone of the Visimskiy biosphere reserve is revealed. Plant communities on the study area are weakly transformed. The distribution of species richness depends both of the environmental conditions (altitude gradient) and the influence of anthropogenic factors

CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF SCAFFOLD MADE FROM RECOMBINANT SPIDER SILK

We studied the viability and dynamic of cell distribution during long-term cultivation of broblasts 3T3 in spider silk spidroin 1-based scaffold. Laser scanning confocal microscopy is shown to have advantages for visualization of cells situated on the external and internal surfaces of scaffold. Fibroblasts maintain high proliferative ability and viability during long term cultivation. Spidroin 1-based scaffold are the perspective materials for bioengineering