Обоснование безопасных расстояний перехода через пути

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT A considerable number of accidents (collisions with people) on the tracks makes it necessary to study behavior of pedestrians, their reaction, criteria of threat assessment in the zone of «areas of approaching», and of selection of a safe time for themselves within a visually controlled distance. The paper presents results of measurements and calculations of time that pedestrians need to safely cross the tracks under different conditions and in diverse situations. Practical application of obtained dependences suggests the scope of design of safety equipment and the creation of new technical devices in the zone of responsibility of railways, including the rationale for requirements for existing signaling systems at pedestrian crossings. Keywords: rail track, area of approaching, pedestrian crossing, crossing time, safe distance, train speed. 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GOST R55804-2013] [Electronic source]: http://standartgost.ru/g/ГОСТ_Р_55804-2013.Last accessed 03.11.2015. 10.Safety at work.General safety on railway tracks [Tehnika bezopasnosti pri vypolnenii rabot Obshhie mery bezopasnosti na zheleznodorozhnyh putjah].[Electronic source]: http://ohrana-bgd.narod.ru/jdtrans/jdtrans2_008.html.Last accessed 03.11.2015. 11.SP 227.1326000.2014 intersections of rail lines with the lines of transport and engineering networks [SP 227.1326000.2014 Peresechenija zheleznodorozhnyh linij s linijami transporta i inzhenernymi setjami].[Electronic source]: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200120205.Last accessed 03.11.2015.Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Немалое количество происшествий (наездов на людей) на путях движения поезда заставляет изучать поведение человека, его реакции, оценку угроз в районе «участков приближения», выбора безопасного для себя времени в пределах визуально контролируемого расстояния. В статье представлены измерения времени перехода пешеходов через железнодорожные пути для различных условий и ситуаций. Практическое применение полученных зависимостей предполагает сферу проектирования средств обеспечения безопасности и создания новых технических устройств в зоне ответственности железных дорог, в том числе обоснование требований к существующим системам сигнализации на пешеходных переходах

Системные факторы безопасности на пешеходных переходах

The authors have considered the main causes of citizens' hitting by rolling stock followed by injuries, the role of human factor, analyzed statistics on violations at pedestrian crossings over railway tracks, showed calculation of response time of automatic signaling. With the help of an expert survey method technological factors are evaluated, which are ranked according to the degree of their influence on the risk of collision cases, conclusions and recommendations are given.Авторами рассмотрены основные причины травмирования граждан в результате наезда подвижного состава, роль человеческого фактора, анализируется статистика нарушений на пешеходных переходах через железнодорожные пути, показан расчет времени срабатывания автоматической сигнализации. При помощи экспертного метода проведена оценка технологических факторов по степени их влияния на опасность возникновения случаев наезда, даны заключения и рекомендации

Negative Regulation of Protein Translation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Interacting Kinases 1 and 2

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a key component of the translational machinery and an important modulator of cell growth and proliferation. The activity of eIF4E is thought to be regulated by interaction with inhibitory binding proteins (4E-BPs) and phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-interacting kinase (MNK) on Ser209 in response to mitogens and cellular stress. Here we demonstrate that phosphorylation of eIF4E via MNK1 is mediated via the activation of either the Erk or p38 pathway. We further show that expression of active mutants of MNK1 and MNK2 in 293 cells diminishes cap-dependent translation relative to cap-independent translation in a transient reporter assay. The same effect on cap-dependent translation was observed when MNK1 was activated by the Erk or p38 pathway. In line with these findings, addition of recombinant active MNK1 to rabbit reticulocyte lysate resulted in a reduced protein synthesis in vitro, and overexpression of MNK2 caused a decreased rate of protein synthesis in 293 cells. By using CGP 57380, a novel low-molecular-weight kinase inhibitor of MNK1, we demonstrate that eIF4E phosphorylation is not crucial to the formation of the initiation complex, mitogen-stimulated increase in cap-dependent translation, and cell proliferation. Our results imply that activation of MNK by MAP kinase pathways does not constitute a positive regulatory mechanism to cap-dependent translation. Instead, we propose that the kinase activity of MNKs, eventually through phosphorylation of eIF4E, may serve to limit cap-dependent translation under physiological conditions

Sum1, a Component of the Fission Yeast eIF3 Translation Initiation Complex, Is Rapidly Relocalized During Environmental Stress and Interacts with Components of the 26S Proteasome

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a multisubunit complex that plays a central role in translation initiation. We show that fission yeast Sum1, which is structurally related to known eIF3 subunits in other species, is essential for translation initiation, whereas its overexpression results in reduced global translation. Sum1 is associated with the 40S ribosome and interacts stably with Int6, an eIF3 component, in vivo, suggesting that Sum1 is a component of the eIF3 complex. Sum1 is cytoplasmic under normal growth conditions. Surprisingly, Sum1 is rapidly relocalized to cytoplasmic foci after osmotic and thermal stress. Int6 and p116, another putative eIF3 subunit, behave similarly, suggesting that eIF3 is a dynamic complex. These cytoplasmic foci, which additionally comprise eIF4E and RNA components, may function as translation centers during environmental stress. After heat shock, Sum1 additionally colocalizes stably with the 26S proteasome at the nuclear periphery. The relationship between Sum1 and the 26S proteasome was further investigated, and we find cytoplasmic Sum1 localization to be dependent on the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, Sum1 interacts with the Mts2 and Mts4 components of the 26S proteasome. These data indicate a functional link between components of the structurally related eIF3 translation initiation and 26S proteasome complexes