Les produits phytopharmaceutiques en cultures légumières au Maroc :. Le marché des produits phytopharmaceutiques, son contexte économique et son cadre légal

Phytosanitary produces in vegetable crop in Morroco. The market in plant-health products, its legal framework and its economic content. This first article paints a general picture of the legal framework and the economic context in which the agrochemical market for vegetable crops has developed. It aims to show the preponderant position held by vegetable crops in Morocco and the exceptional importance attached to chemical control. The paper also presents an analysis of the pesticides used by farmers working in the northern and southern areas of Morocco and reflects on the specific plant-health problems of both regions

Model calculations and measurements of uptake and translocation of carbamates by bean plants.

Root concentration factors (RCF) and total uptake have been determined in bean plants for twelve N-methyl-arylcarbamates. The RCF values of the substances correlate with the hydrophobic properties (log Kow). A dynamic simulation model is deduced step by step for the simulation of uptake and translocation

Instruments de mesure de lutilisation de produits phytosanitaires dans un contexte de développement durable

Instruments aimed to measure pesticide use in the framework of sustainable development. Indicators are proposed in order to be able to measure progress towards sustainability in crop protection strategies requiring the use of pesticides. According to the fixed objectives, such indicators can be either simple (figure easily obtainable) or more complex (set of figures obtained using more or less complex algorithms). The most simple indicators are indicators of use (tonnage which has been used in a well defined geographic area, number of treatments during a cropping season). While interesting for their simplicity and for their readily availability, those indicators present some drawbacks because they do not allow to take into account trends in the impact of pesticides on man (as a pesticide applicator, as an agricultural worker or as a consumer of treated foodstuffs) or on the environment (harmful effects on soil, water, air and on the organisms living therein). The present paper describes a set of indicators related to the usage (Tonnage, Frequency of application), to the soil and water pressure (SEPTWA) and to the impact (Seq, SyPEP, POCER), that has been used in Belgium in order to measure some progress towards sustainable development. Examples of application are provided in the framework of Integrated Pest Management. They deal with the choice of active Ingredients, commercial preparations, application modes and treatment schemes that, using such indicators, are identified as safer for man and for the environment