2,372 research outputs found
Investigations on transparent liquid-miscibility gap systems
Sedimentation and phase separation is a well known occurrence in monotectic or miscibility gap alloys. Previous investigations indicate that it may be possible to prepare such alloys in a low-gravity space environment but recent experiments indicate that there may be nongravity dependent phase separation processes which can hinder the formation of such alloys. Such phase separation processes are studied using transparent liquid systems and holography. By reconstructing holograms into a commercial-particle-analysis system, real time computer analysis can be performed on emulsions with diameters in the range of 5 micrometers or greater. Thus dynamic effects associated with particle migration and coalescence can be studied. Characterization studies on two selected immiscible systems including an accurate determination of phase diagrams, surface and interfacial tension measurements, surface excess and wetting behavior near critical solution temperatures completed
Cooperative domain type interlayer -bond formation in graphite
Using the classical molecular dynamics and the semiempirical Brenner's
potential, we theoretically study the interlayer sigma bond formation, as
cooperative and nonlinear phenomena induced by visible light excitations of a
graphite crystal. We have found several cases, wherein the excitations of
certain lattice sites result in new interlayer bonds even at non-excited sites.
We have also found that, a new interlayer bond is easier to be formed around a
bond, if it is already existing. As many more sites are going to be excited,
the number of interlayer bonds increases nonlinearly with the number of excited
sites. This nonlinearity shows 1.7 power of the total number of excited sites,
corresponding to about three- or four-photon process.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure
Method for detecting coliform organisms
A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the concentration of coliform bacteria in a sample. The sample containing the coliform bacteria is cultured in a liquid growth medium. The cultured bacteria produce hydrogen and the hydrogen is vented to a second cell containing a buffer solution in which the hydrogen dissolves. By measuring the potential change in the buffer solution caused by the hydrogen, as a function of time, the initial concentration of bacteria in the sample is determined. Alternatively, the potential change in the buffer solution can be compared with the potential change in the liquid growth medium to verify that the potential change in the liquid growth medium is produced primarily by the hydrogen gas produced by the coliform bacteria
Anomalous shell effect in the transition from a circular to a triangular billiard
We apply periodic orbit theory to a two-dimensional non-integrable billiard
system whose boundary is varied smoothly from a circular to an equilateral
triangular shape. Although the classical dynamics becomes chaotic with
increasing triangular deformation, it exhibits an astonishingly pronounced
shell effect on its way through the shape transition. A semiclassical analysis
reveals that this shell effect emerges from a codimension-two bifurcation of
the triangular periodic orbit. Gutzwiller's semiclassical trace formula, using
a global uniform approximation for the bifurcation of the triangular orbit and
including the contributions of the other isolated orbits, describes very well
the coarse-grained quantum-mechanical level density of this system. We also
discuss the role of discrete symmetry for the large shell effect obtained here.Comment: 14 pages REVTeX4, 16 figures, version to appear in Phys. Rev. E.
Qualities of some figures are lowered to reduce their sizes. Original figures
are available at http://www.phys.nitech.ac.jp/~arita/papers/tricirc
Concept of the Critical Nucleus in Nucleation
Reconsideration on the concept of critical nucleus for single component systems leads to the result that the size n^h_K of a kinetic critical nucleus for which the probabilities of its decay and growth balance is not equal to the size n^ of the thermodynamic one for which the reversible work of nucleus formation takes the maximum value. n^h_K is in general smaller than n^, and there exist two values for n^h_K, the larger is kinetically unstable but the smaller is stable. The difference between n^ and the larger n^h_K increases but the difference between the two values of n^h_K decreases with the degree of supersaturation or supercooling, and in the critical state two values of n^h_K coincide and it diminishes to 8/27 of n^ for three dimensional homogeneous nucleation and to 1/4 of n^ for two dimensional disc nucleation on a substrate. Beyond this critical state n^h_K does not exist and for a nucleus with any size the probabilty of growth is higher than that of decay
Theoretical and numerical studies of nucleation kinetics
この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。Reconsideration on the concept of critical nucleus for single component systems leads to the result that the size n_k of a kinetic critical nucleus for which the probabilities of its decay and growth balance is not equal to the size n^* of the thermodynamic one for which the reversible work of nucleus formation takes the maximum value. n_k is in general smaller than n^*, and there exist two values for n_k, the larger is kinetically unstable but the smaller is stable. The difference between n^* and the larger n_k increases but the difference between the two values of n_k decreases with supersaturation and or temperature, and at the critical state two values of n_k coincide and it diminishes to 8/27 of n^* for three dimensional homogeneous nucleation and to 1/4 of n^* for two dimensional disc nucleation on a substrate. Beyond this critical state n_k does not exist and for a nucleus with any size the probabilty of growth is higher than that of decay. The height of the nucleation barrier, i.e., the reversible work of critical nucleus formation, is found to be the main parameter quantitatively controlling the distinction between n^* and n_k. It is shown that when the distinction between the two kinds of the critical nuclei is significant, the attachment and the detachment rates of monomers do not differ appreciably
Numerical Simulation of the Kinetic Critical Nucleus
Our main interest is to see whether the number density indicates a peak at the kinetically stable critical nucleus due to its kinetical stability. We have numerically calculated the time evolution of the number densities of clusters in the case of water vapor nucleation. We employ the condition in which the difference between the size of the thermodynamic crtitical nucleus and that of the kinetic one is appreciable. The results show that the peak does not appear in the number densities of clusters. The reason is thought to be that the kinetical stability is not strong enough in our condition
Zero Order Estimates for Analytic Functions
The primary goal of this paper is to provide a general multiplicity estimate.
Our main theorem allows to reduce a proof of multiplicity lemma to the study of
ideals stable under some appropriate transformation of a polynomial ring. In
particular, this result leads to a new link between the theory of polarized
algebraic dynamical systems and transcendental number theory. On the other
hand, it allows to establish an improvement of Nesterenko's conditional result
on solutions of systems of differential equations. We also deduce, under some
condition on stable varieties, the optimal multiplicity estimate in the case of
generalized Mahler's functional equations, previously studied by Mahler,
Nishioka, Topfer and others. Further, analyzing stable ideals we prove the
unconditional optimal result in the case of linear functional systems of
generalized Mahler's type. The latter result generalizes a famous theorem of
Nishioka (1986) previously conjectured by Mahler (1969), and simultaneously it
gives a counterpart in the case of functional systems for an important
unconditional result of Nesterenko (1977) concerning linear differential
systems. In summary, we provide a new universal tool for transcendental number
theory, applicable with fields of any characteristic. It opens the way to new
results on algebraic independence, as shown in Zorin (2010).Comment: 42 page
Mechanism of killing by virus-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited in vivo
The mechanism of lysis by in vivo-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was examined with virus-specific CTL from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). LCMV-induced T cells were shown to have greater than 10 times the serine esterase activity of T cells from normal mice, and high levels of serine esterase were located in the LCMV-induced CD8+ cell population. Serine esterase was also induced in purified T-cell preparations isolated from mice infected with other viruses (mouse hepatitis, Pichinde, and vaccinia). In contrast, the interferon inducer poly(I.C) only marginally enhanced serine esterase in T cells. Serine esterase activity was released from the LCMV-induced T cells upon incubation with syngeneic but not allogeneic LCMV-infected target cells. Both cytotoxicity and the release of serine esterase were calcium dependent. Serine esterase released from disrupted LCMV-induced T cells was in the form of the fast-sedimenting particles, suggesting its inclusion in granules. Competitive substrates for serine esterase blocked killing by LCMV-specific CTL, but serine esterase-containing granules isolated from LCMV-induced CTL, in contrast to granules isolated from a rat natural killer cell tumor line, did not display detectable hemolytic activity. Fragmentation of target cell DNA was observed during the lytic process mediated by LCMV-specific CTL, and the release of the DNA label [125I]iododeoxyuridine from target cells and the accompanying fragmentation of DNA also were calcium dependent. These data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of killing by in vivo-induced T cells involves a calcium-dependent secretion of serine esterase-containing granules and a target cell death by a process involving nuclear degradation and DNA fragmentation
Vibrations and fractional vibrations of rods, plates and Fresnel pseudo-processes
Different initial and boundary value problems for the equation of vibrations
of rods (also called Fresnel equation) are solved by exploiting the connection
with Brownian motion and the heat equation. The analysis of the fractional
version (of order ) of the Fresnel equation is also performed and, in
detail, some specific cases, like , 1/3, 2/3, are analyzed. By means
of the fundamental solution of the Fresnel equation, a pseudo-process ,
with real sign-varying density is constructed and some of its properties
examined. The equation of vibrations of plates is considered and the case of
circular vibrating disks is investigated by applying the methods of
planar orthogonally reflecting Brownian motion within . The composition of
F with reflecting Brownian motion yields the law of biquadratic heat
equation while the composition of with the first passage time of
produces a genuine probability law strictly connected with the Cauchy process.Comment: 33 pages,8 figure
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