Mind Set of Indian Accounting Professionals and Environmental Accounting

Those who do not plan, cannot control and it is difficult for them to control if they do not have an accurate measurement. Those who do not measure cannot report. If not reported, the regulating authorities and governments will not have an effective control on pollution to fulfill the global requirements. The mindset of financial accounting professionals who prepare financial accounts and reporting to shareholders and management is positive which would help the Government of India for the implementation of environmental accounting and reporting to the stake holders. Structured questionnaire were used and collected as primary data. The accounting professionals were in the opinion that reporting on environment related issues of the company would give positive impact on the Indian companies

Magnetic and Transport Properties of Ternary Indides of type R2CoIn8 (R = Ce, Pr and Dy)

We have synthesized and investigated the magnetic and transport properties of a series of compounds, R2CoIn8 (R = rare earth). Compounds form in single phase with a tetragonal structure (space group P4/mmm, no. 162). The Ce compound shows heavy fermion behavior. The magnetic susceptibility of Pr2CoIn8 shows a marked deviation from the Curie-Weiss behavior at low temperatures, which is attributed to the crystalline electric field effects. Heat capacity and magnetization measurements show that Dy2CoIn8 undergoes a magnetic transition at 17 K and a second transition near 5 K, the latter of which may be due to spin reorientation. Magnetization of this compound shows two metamagnetic transitions approximately at 3.6 T and 8.3 T.Comment: Total 7 pages of text and figure

Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial

Objective To determine the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus for the prevention of any diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use and that caused by Clostridium difficile. Design Randomised double blind placebo controlled study. Participants 135 hospital patients (mean age 74) taking antibiotics. Exclusions included diarrhoea on admission, bowel pathology that could result in diarrhoea, antibiotic use in the previous four weeks, severe illness, immunosuppression, bowel surgery, artificial heart valves, and history of rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. Intervention Consumption of a 100 g (97 ml) drink containing Lactobacillus casei, L bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus twice a day during a course of antibiotics and for one week after the course finished. The placebo group received a longlife sterile milkshake. Main outcome measures Primary outcome: occurrence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Secondary outcome: presence of C difficile toxin and diarrhoea. Results 7/57 (12%) of the probiotic group developed diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use compared with 19/56 (34%) in the placebo group (P=0.007). Logistic regression to control for other factors gave an odds ratio 0.25 (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.85) for use of the probiotic, with low albumin and sodium also increasing the risk of diarrhoea. The absolute risk reduction was 21.6% (6.6% to 36.6%), and the number needed to treat was 5 (3 to 15). No one in the probiotic group and 9/53 (17%) in the placebo group had diarrhoea caused by C difficile (P=0.001). The absolute risk reduction was 17% (7% to 27%), and the number needed to treat was 6 (4 to 14). Conclusion Consumption of a probiotic drink containing L casei, L bulgaricus, and S thermophilus reduce the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and C difficile associated diarrhoea. This has the potential to decrease morbidity, healthcare costs, and mortality if used routinely in patients aged over 50

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILTY OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS

A drug administered in solution form immediately available for absorption and efficiently absorbed than the same amount of drug administered in a tablet or capsule form. Solubility is a most important parameter for the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Dissolution of drug is the rate determining step for oral absorption of the poorly water soluble drugs, which can subsequently affect the in vivo absorption of drug. Currently only 8% of new drug candidates have both high solubility and permeability. Because of solubility problem of many drugs the bioavailability of them gets affected and hence solubility enhancement becomes necessary. It is now possible that to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs with the help of various techniques such as Physical method,Chemical method. Co-crystallisation, co-solvency solubilizing agents, molecular encapsulation with cyclodextrins,nanotechnology approaches and hydrotropy. Key-Words: Solubility, Dissolution and Bioavailabilit

MPIGA – Multipath Selection Using Improved Genetic Algorithm

The Wireless Multimedia Networks (WMNs) have developed due to the extensive applications of wireless devices and increasing availability of lower cost hardware. The WMNs are used to transmit the multimedia content like audio and video streaming and they can be deployed within a lower budget. These networks can also be used in real-time data applications that demand energy-efficient management and awareness of Quality of Service (QoS). The energy resources are limited in the wireless devices that lead to the significant threats on the QoS for WMNs. An energy-efficient routing technique is needed to handle the dynamic topology of WMN that includes a vital resource as energy. The energy-efficient routing method was proposed in this work for the purpose of data communication based on a cluster head selection from each cluster in addition to the multipath route selection to reduce the network overhead and energy consumption. The cluster heads for each cluster are selected based on Node Coverage & average residual energy parameters.In this work, the proposed energy efficient routing algorithm uses improved genetic algorithm (IGA)based on a cost function for dynamic selection of the best path. The proposed cost function uses link lifetime &average link delay parameters to estimate the link cost. The proposed algorithm’s performance compared with other previous routing methods based on extensive simulation analysis. The results showed that the proposed method achieves better performance over three other routing techniques

Nanoparticles: An Overview

Nanoparticles are the preparations having size in nanometers. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as  a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodymanic properties of various types of drug molecules.They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the choosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for the drug delivery research  to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects.Here we review various aspects  of nanoparticle  formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes. Keywords : Nanoparticles, controlled and sustained rate, polymers, characterization, evaluatio

Clinical study of Rh-isoimmunization in pregnant women

Background: Iso-immunization has been defined as the process whereby immune antibodies are produced in an individual in response to antigens from another individual of same species. Objective was to study the fetal outcome in immunized and non-immunized women and also to prevent isoimmunization during pregnancy and labour.Methods: A total of 40 patients attending outdoor antenatal clinic or admitted in the indoor wards in obstetric unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology department were included in the present study which was hospital based cross sectional study. The study was carried out for one year at Government Medical College Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India. Permission from Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. From each and every patient included in the study, initially informed individual consent was taken.Results: Maximum patients (25%) had an income of Rs. 200- 300 per month and minimum patients (10%) had an income of Rs. 500- 600 per month. Maximum cases of Rh – negative patients 87.5% are Hindus and 10 % are Muslims while only 2.5% are Christians. The percentage of patients below 20 years is 2.5, that between 20 to 25 are 67.5, between 26 to 30 is 27.5 and between 31 to 35 is 2.5. Thus, maximum patients belong to the age group 20 to 25 years and above 31 years.. Accordingly, 6 patients had history of abortion, 2 had pre- term deliveries, and 18 had full term deliveries. 4 had history of operation and 1 had history of jaundice in previous children. Cases with presence of Rh- Antibody in Maternal Circulation during Pregnancy. It was found that one out of 40 patients, had Rh- Antibody in titer of 1: 128 and 39 cases, did not show presence of Rh- Antibody in their circulation. Outcome of pregnancy in 40 patients studied. 3 patients had pre- mature labour, 26 had normal vaginal delivery, 10 had caesarean section and one patient was Ante- natal.Conclusions: Present study reveals more than Maximum patients were from low socioeconomic group and minimum cases were from higher socio- economic group. Majority of cases were Hindus, next in order Muslims and then Christians. Age of maximum patients ranged from 20-25 years. Maximum patients had normal full term deliveries. In 65% cases, outcome of pregnancy was normal vaginal delivery