89 research outputs found
Interdisciplinarity as heuristic resource for energy management
As high-tech industries continue to experience dynamic growth and problems of development in high-tech industries are getting increasingly complex, managers have to embrace the need for new competencies that match present-day challenges. This calls for a qualitative change in the architecture of education to bring it up to date with contemporary trends. Using cases from Russia, the paper aims to provide a groundwork for an interdisciplinary approach to building professional competencies in energy managers as a framework for forward-looking management of high-tech industries in a nonlinear environment. The authors identify factors that determine the new management imperative and set out methodological principles of developing a management culture. A model of professionalism in management is proposed that is the result of a complex interplay of interrelated competencies. The paper also explains the key features of an interdisciplinary training programme. To prove the research hypothesis, an analysis was conducted of empirical data from expert reviews by executives at Russian energy companies and leading academics
Sustainability in automotive transport: Russian and Italian experience concerning actual situation and intervention tools
The air quality in metropolitan areas of Russia and Italy, although with different distribution and intensity, raises similar concerns for the respective public authorities about vehicle emissions, as well as about the stagnation of toxic pollutants in urban areas. This article discusses some typical situations in both these countries. In order to obtain suitable solutions to diminish this form of impact, different tools that are based on different approaches can be proposed. It is necessary to consider both the practical possibility of application and the cost-benefit balance that takes into account the realization cost and industrial system transformation on one side, and the results in terms of air quality improvement on the other. The different instruments (technological intervention on engines, chemical modification of fuels, mobility and road infrastructural planning) are presented for the considered countries, and also in more developed European and American areas, with a concentrated interest in areas of applicability, costs and obtained results. The externality of this form of pollution is presented and discussed, and the aspect of limitation of impact and consequent external costs is evaluated in comparison with monetary and infrastructural costs for emissive system modification. Β© 2016 WIT Press, www.witpress.com
Beating of the oscillations in the transport coefficients of a one-dimensionally periodically modulated two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interaction
Transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) are studied in
the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field , of a {\it weak}
one-dimensional (1D) periodic potential modulation, and of the spin-orbit
interaction (SOI) described only by the Rashba term. In the absence of the
modulation the SOI mixes the spin-up and spin-down states of neighboring Landau
levels into two new, unequally spaced energy branches. The levels of these
branches broaden into bands in the presence of the modulation and their
bandwidths oscillate with the field . Evaluated at the Fermi energy, the
-th level bandwidth of each series has a minimum or vanishes at different
values of the field . In contrast with the 1D-modulated 2DEG without SOI,
for which only one flat-band condition applies, here there are two flat-band
conditions that can change considerably as a function of the SOI strength
and accordingly influence the transport coefficients of the 2DEG. The
phase and amplitude of the Weiss and Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations
depend on the strength . For small values of both oscillations
show beating patterns. Those of the former are due to the independently
oscillating bandwidths whereas those of the latter are due to modifications of
the density of states, exhibit an even-odd filling factor transition, and are
nearly independent of the modulation strength. For strong values of
the SdH oscillations are split in two
Assessment of environmental-economic effectiveness of multifunctional fuel additives
The quickest solution to the urgent problem of improving the environmental safety and effectiveness of automobile transport operation with minimal expenditure is possible through the application of fuel additives positively affecting the motor fuel properties. The use of multi-functional additives that have a multi-purpose positive impact on fuel properties is the most attractive way. The absence of a method of comparative assessment of different additives makes the use of additives that improve some properties of fuels concurrently impairing other properties possible, or increase toxicity of exhaust gases, or considerably increase the cost of fuel. The aim of this paper is to develop scientific and methodological basis and specific methodology for assessing environmentalβeconomic efficiency of additives to motor fuels. The authors identified the system of factors forming a structure of environmentalβeconomic effect resulting from the application of multifunctional fuel additives, and also developed a method of assessment of environmentalβeconomic efficiency of application of fuel additives, including the steps of integrated assessment of environmentalβeconomic effectiveness and optimization in operational conditions
Energy and material assessment of municipal sewage sludge applications under circular economy
In the last decades, the amount of municipal sewage sludge generation rate has drastically increased due to population growth, spatial sewerage system development, and implementation of new treatment techniques. Nowadays, it is considered a globally prominent issue. Municipal sewage sludge contains pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with heavy metals, poorly biodegradable organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics, which make its utilization management quite difficult. Landfill placement of sewage sludge is the most widely used technique worldwide, but is obsolete and inefficient, and accompanied by significant risk of environmental pollution with high logistics expenditure. Moreover, landfill placement means that all residual energy and potential material reuse applications are lost. The introduction of modern treatment techniques can solve the problem with sewage sludge generation, but it results in strong energy consumption increase of energy consumption. Modernization and operational policies based on circular economy principles are focused on relevant sewage sludge utilization issues with the potential use of waste-to-energy and recycling applications. The paper presents a methodological approach of cradle-to-grave assessment of sewage sludge treatment process based on energy and material flow analysis. The proposed methodology is studied within the real operational activities of big-scale wastewater treatment plants of two of the largest cities of Russia \u2013 Ekaterinburg and Perm. This investigation provides an efficient managerial tool for sustainable development that can be used by wide range of stakeholders
Indoor CO2: Potential Criticalities and Solutions
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been conventionally regarded as a global problem, due to the well-known effects of fossil fuel combustion to the climate of our planet. However, this paper aims at highlighting the role of CO2 from another perspective, i.e. by considering the effects of CO2 on the health and well-being of the occupants of indoor spaces. The exposure to CO2 air concentrations > 1,000 ppm causes symptoms like headache, dizziness, sleepiness and loss of attention, which may negatively influence the learning capability and the productivity of students and workers. In this sense, schools and universities are particularly vulnerable, due to the high density of occupants in classrooms and to the importance of the role of education in training the future members of the society. In the light of this issue, the present paper will provide examples of the incorrect design of indoor environments and, meanwhile, will propose simple solutions to monitor the problem of indoor CO2 concentration and improve the indoor environmental quality of public places. Β© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2019.The work was partly supported by Act 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, contract No 02.A03.21.0006
Risk assessment in a materials recycling facility: Perspectives for reducing operational issues
Mechanical separation of light packaging waste is a useful practice for improving the quality of the recyclable waste flows and its exploitation in a frame of the circular economy. Materials Recovery Facilities can treat from 3000 to 5000 tons per year of light packaging waste. Concerning the plastic content, this is divided in four flows: PET, HDPE, other plastics, and waste rejects. The last two are generally used for energy recovery. For improving the quality of the recyclable plastic waste, a manual separation is required for reducing the impurities detectable in the final products. However, this practice could enhance the risk at work of the operators, which should be constantly monitored. This article explores the main differences of a manual separation and of a mechanical separation, assessing the costs and the health risk for the workers. The analysis started from the situation in an Italian Materials Recovery Facility, generalizing the context; a future scenario with the application of a mechanical separation is theoretically introduced. The main results obtained suggest that the manual separation plant improves the quality of the material, though increasing the risk of the operators due to the possible contact with sharp waste, sanitary danger, and risk of injuries for the mismanagement of machines, among others. The mechanical separation can be considered a real advantage from an economic point of view, since the operating costs are lower and the investment could be recovered in around 10 years, in an Italian-like context. On balance, on the one hand, the article provides indications for the private sector for improving the management of a Materials Recovery Facility, while, on the other hand, it detects the main pros and cons of both methodologies. Β© 2018 by the authors
Comprehensive Assessment of Resource Efficiency of Russian Gas Industry Companies
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22β28β01740, https://rscf.ru/en/project/22β28β01740/.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«ΠΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΒ»), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΡΡΒ») ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ»). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«ΠΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΒ»), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΡΡΒ») ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π° (Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ»). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° β 22-28-01740, https://rscf.ru/project/22β28β01740/
Analysis of Sewage Sludge Alternatives Towards Circular Economy
The article describes ways to solve the urgent Issue of the pollution of water sources due to the imperfection of the technical and technological equipment of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The subject matter is considered from the perspective of the transition to the circular economy. One of the key elements of a sustainable development strategy in a circular economy is the development and implementation of policies for the modernization of municipal wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The goal of this research is to create a holistic assessment system of various technological solutions for the treatment of sewage sludge using life cycle assessment and material flow analysis methods for the transition towards the circular economy. The hypothesis of the present study assumes a specific set of technologies based on the waste-to-energy principle, in which it is possible to achieve net zero energy consumption in a wastewater treatment plant. A methodological framework for assessing the complete technological cycle of sewage sludge treatment and disposal using life cycle analysis and material flow analysis tools is proposed. The results are visualized using the Sankey chart. The authors test the proposed method according to data presented from real treatment facilities that operate in Ekaterinburg and Perm. As a result of the study, we found that the use of some waste-to-energy technologies for treating sewage sludge does not lead to the expected reduction in average net energy consumption along with a reduction in waste mass. Based on the research, leading techniques have been identified that make it possible to achieve net zero energy consumption of a wastewater treatment plant. The results of the study are clear and easy to interpret and can be used by managers of different levels to select the most optimal set of technological stages for the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in accordance with the principles of the circular economy, including reference comparison through the national sectoral benchmarking system.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ-Π²-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΒ», ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Sankey. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
-ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ-Π²-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΒ» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ-Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π°.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ-Π²-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΒ», ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Sankey. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
-ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ-Π²-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΒ» Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ-Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π½ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³Π°
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