PRISMA flow diagram.

<p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p

Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in second approach (genetic effect in exposed)^#.

<p>Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in second approach (genetic effect in exposed)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172716#t003fn001" target="_blank">^#</a>.</p

Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in both approaches^#.

<p>Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in both approaches<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172716#t004fn001" target="_blank">^#</a>.</p

Study populations included in GWI study on active smoking and adult onset asthma.

<p>Study populations included in GWI study on active smoking and adult onset asthma.</p

Forest plots for the meta-analysis and replication study on the genetic effect of SNP rs5011804 on chromosome 12 in subjects exposed and non-exposed to ever active tobacco smoking (identified in second approach).

<p>The bottom forest plot presents the interaction meta-analysis and replication study for this SNP. ORs are calculated using a fixed effect model.</p

Forest plots for the meta-analysis and replication study on the genetic effect of SNP rs9969775 on chromosome 9 in subjects exposed and non-exposed to ever active tobacco smoking (identified in first approach).

<p>The bottom forest plot presents the interaction meta-analysis and replication study for this SNP. ORs are calculated using a fixed effect model.</p

Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in first approach (overall interaction effect)^#.

<p>Top SNPs that interact with active tobacco smoking in adult onset asthma identified in first approach (overall interaction effect)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172716#t002fn001" target="_blank">^#</a>.</p

Forest plot for meta-analysis on the association between ever active tobacco smoking and adult onset asthma, without including the genetic effect.

<p>Forest plot for meta-analysis on the association between ever active tobacco smoking and adult onset asthma, without including the genetic effect.</p

Genetic effect of SNP rs5011804 following an additive model in the LifeLines cohort (N = 12,475), stratified by different tobacco smoke exposures.

<p>Genetic effect of SNP rs5011804 following an additive model in the LifeLines cohort (N = 12,475), stratified by different tobacco smoke exposures.</p

Multiancestry association study identifies new asthma risk loci that colocalize with immune-cell enhancer marks

We examined common variation in asthma risk by conducting a meta-analysis of worldwide asthma genome-wide association studies (23,948 asthma cases, 118,538 controls) of individuals from ethnically diverse populations. We identified five new asthma loci, found two new associations at two known asthma loci, established asthma associations at two loci previously implicated in the comorbidity of asthma plus hay fever, and confirmed nine known loci. Investigation of pleiotropy showed large overlaps in genetic variants with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The enrichment in enhancer marks at asthma risk loci, especially in immune cells, suggested a major role of these loci in the regulation of immunologically related mechanisms