Cosmic Ray Investigation in the Stratosphere and Space: Results from Instruments on Russian Satellites and Balloons

Selected activities aimed to investigate cosmic ray fluxes and to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind, over a long-time period using space research tools in the former USSR/Russia and Slovakia, are reviewed, and some of the results obtained are presented. As the selection is connected with the institutes where the authors are working, it represents only a partial review of this wide topic

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

Legal Help in International Criminal Procedure Law

The issue of international criminal process has been analyzed by scholars before the revolution in Russia took place. From that time there still goes on the discussion whether the criminal procedure law should be recognized as a branch of international law. There exist several points of view on this subject which are enumerated in the article. Discussion as to the place o international criminal procedure law is still continuing.International legal process is a composite part of international process as a whole and is an institute of international criminal law. Several opinions of prominent scholars are given to support different approaches to this problem. The conclusion is that international criminal law and international criminal process compliment each other as they have the same goal.Further on the sources of international criminal law are analyzed which are divided into three groups. Then the author tries to prove the independent nature of international criminal procedure law and lists the relevant circumstances.But the main task the author sees is in locating the right place in international criminal procedure law for the institute of legal help in criminal cases.The last part is devoted to this particular question. One of the conclusions the author makes is that this institute is to be recognized as comprehensive and complex institute of international criminal procedure law

International criminal court and Russia: to be or not to be together

INTRODUCTION. The creation of the International Criminal Court in 1998 boosted significantly the interests of practitioners and researchers as regards international criminal law and procedure. It was the very first time when the permanent international court dealing with crimes of the concern of the international community was created. Twenty years being passed but the formal quantitative results of the Court coupled with disputes as regards Court’s role and status, skepticism and disappointment of his work provoked an overall critic and negligence. It was aggravated by the direct critic delivered by a few states. Some of them refused to become a party to the Rome Statute or withdrew its ratification thereof. The same was with the internal situation in the Court: reluctance about the cooperation of the forensic unities and HR-disputes.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To prepare this paper the academic teachings of Russian and foreign specialists in international law and especially international criminal law, international and domestic legal instruments, media publications, reports and statistics of the ICC official web page were used. This study is premised on using the general methods of cognition (systemic and structural approaches, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction) and methods of legal research (comparative, historical and formallydogmatic methods).RESEARCH RESULTS. Exaggerated expectations, organizational shortcomings, external explicit backlash, system obstacles of the international justice, pressure of officials and overt nihilism of the academics – that is where the Court have no choice but to work. Russian skepticism coupled with political observations provoked Russia’s 2016 withdrawal of its signature from the Rome Statute.The paper deals with Russian motives and reasons of the abovementioned decision. The analysis is carried out within the general pattern of the functioning of the Courts and its drawbacks. The stance of the main stakeholders is also considered. The authors conclude that the main reason of the Court’s default is predetermined considerably by the systematic and objective factors not dependent on the Hague court. At the same time some of the problems are deemed to be typical for international justice per se.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The bashing as regards the Court and its results excludes the impartiality in assessing ICC’s results and impedes the correct reasoning and offering adequate recommendations. The general negative narrative backs sufficient background for taking solely politically motivated decisions what the Russian experience proves

The Role of Scientific Ballooning for Exploration of the Magnetosphere

Invitetd paper for the Symposium on Advances in ballon science and technology 28-29 June 1984 at the XXVth COSPAR Meeting in Graz, Austria.To be published in Advances in Space Research 1984QC 20120410</p

Human Rights: Integrity of the Russian and International Law, Competition of Courts Decisions

INTRODUCTION. The amendments to the Russian Constitution 2020 challenged de novo the international law prevalence and led the Russia’s way to find it own perception of international law. Although the amendments did not introduce drastically substantive modifications of the international law modus operandi in the national legal system nevertheless they shifted the constitutional focus. The former one was built on the presumption of the juridical consistency of the constitutional order and Russia’s international commitments. Today there’s the a priori allegation of possible conflicts between requirements of the Constitution and judgment of international courts.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The paper comprises short historical analysis of the internationally meaningful rules of the Constitution in its comparison to the current legal situation in Russia. Rather superficial but illustrative juridical overview of the relevant constitutional provisions with their domestic legal counterparts demonstrates the significance and practical efficiency of the concomitant interpretation of the constitutional rules and Russia’s international obligations.RESEARCH RESULTS. Such a shift paradigmatically is still pending new interpretation of the constitutional fundamentals. At least they need different construction to be concomitant to the refusal mechanism (as regards international judgments). Still unchanged verbatim the constitutional fundamentals provide for proliferated mechanism of the human rights protection under international las with in domestic order and still require the concordant interpretation of the international commitments and constitutional rules.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The modified constitutional landscape shifted drastically the international law priority in the Russian legal system. Although the international law leaves to the State’s choice to determine internally the status of its international commitments the constitutional fundamentals (left untouched verbatim) still require international law priority. The constitutionally enclosed human right protection mechanism emphasizes such priority