322 research outputs found
Safety performance assessment of food industry facilities using a fuzzy approach
The latest EU policies focus on the issue of food safety with a view to assuring adequate and standard quality levels for the food produced and/or consumed within the EC. To that purpose, the environment where agricultural products are manufactured and processed plays a crucial role in achieving food hygiene. As a consequence, it is of the utmost importance to adopt proper building solutions which meet health and hygiene requirements and to use suitable tools to measure the levels achieved. Similarly, it is necessary to verify and evaluate the level of safety and welfare of the workers in their working environment. The safety of the workers has not only an ethical and social value but also an economic implication, since possible accidents or environmental stressors are the major causes of the lower efficiency and productivity of workers. However, the technical solutions adopted in the manufacturing facilities in order to achieve adequate levels of safety and welfare of the workers are not always consistent with the solutions aimed at achieving adequate levels of food hygiene, even if both of them comply with sectoral rules which are often unconnected with each other. Therefore, it is fundamental to design suitable models of analysis that allow assessing buildings as a whole, taking into account both health and hygiene safety as well as the safety and welfare of workers. Hence, this paper proposes an evaluation model that, based on an established study protocol and on the application of a fuzzy logic procedure, allows evaluating the global safety level of a building. The proposed model allows to obtain a synthetic and global value of the building performance in terms of food hygiene and safety and welfare of the workers as well as to highlight possible weaknesses. Though the model may be applied in either the design or the operational phase of a building, this paper focuses on its application to certain buildings already operational in a specific productive context
MATLAB code for highly energetic materials
Detonations represent high-speed chemical reactions characterized by rapid propagation, accompanied by a release of high-pressure energy. This transformative process converts unreacted explosive materials into stable product molecules, reaching a steady state known as the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state. This study aims to effectively describe the detonation phenomenon in energetic materials through the application of the CJ theory. Using a computational approach, we developed a MATLAB code to calculate the minimum detonation velocity (DCJ) of the explosive and analyze product expansion under constant entropy conditions
Existence theorems for abstract multidimensional control problems
In the present paper, the author discusses an abstract formulation of control problems involving general operators ℒ : S → V , ℳ : S → Y from a Banach space S into space V and Y of vector functions in a fixed domain with components in L p , p ⩾1. For this general formulation, the author states closure theorems, lower closure theorems, and existence theorems for an optimal solution. It is then shown that the problems of control involving Dieudonné-Rashevski partial differential equations previously considered by the author are particular cases of the present formulation. Finally, it is shown by examples that problems of control involving usual partial differential equations, linear or not, as well as other functional relations, can be framed in the present formulation. The present work concerns problems with distributed controls . Work concerning problems with distributed as well as boundary controls is forthcoming.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45235/1/10957_2004_Article_BF00926601.pd
Observation of Mixed Valence Ru Components in Zn Doped Y2Ru2O7 Pyrochlores
We present a study of Y2 12xZnxRu2O7 pyrochlores as a function of the Zn doping level x. X-ray diffraction measurements show that single-phase samples could be obtained for x < 0.2. Within the allowed range for x, dc conductivity measurements revealed a sizable decrease in resistivity at all the investigated temperatures for Zn doped samples
with respect to undoped ones. Neutron diffraction data of the x = 0.2 sample showed that replacing Y3+ by Zn2+ does not result in the formation of oxygen vacancies. X-ray
photoemission spectroscopy measurements revealed that part of the Ru ions are in the 5+ oxidation state to balance, in terms of electronic charge, the incorporation of Zn2+. The results give experimental evidence that the heterovalent doping promotes the increase of conductivity in the Y2Ru2O7 pyrochlores, making these systems promising as intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell cathodes
On the Fluctuation Relation for Nose-Hoover Boundary Thermostated Systems
We discuss the transient and steady state fluctuation relation for a
mechanical system in contact with two deterministic thermostats at different
temperatures. The system is a modified Lorentz gas in which the fixed
scatterers exchange energy with the gas of particles, and the thermostats are
modelled by two Nos\'e-Hoover thermostats applied at the boundaries of the
system. The transient fluctuation relation, which holds only for a precise
choice of the initial ensemble, is verified at all times, as expected. Times
longer than the mesoscopic scale, needed for local equilibrium to be settled,
are required if a different initial ensemble is considered. This shows how the
transient fluctuation relation asymptotically leads to the steady state
relation when, as explicitly checked in our systems, the condition found in
[D.J. Searles, {\em et al.}, J. Stat. Phys. 128, 1337 (2007)], for the validity
of the steady state fluctuation relation, is verified. For the steady state
fluctuations of the phase space contraction rate \zL and of the dissipation
function \zW, a similar relaxation regime at shorter averaging times is
found. The quantity \zW satisfies with good accuracy the fluctuation relation
for times larger than the mesoscopic time scale; the quantity \zL appears to
begin a monotonic convergence after such times. This is consistent with the
fact that \zW and \zL differ by a total time derivative, and that the tails
of the probability distribution function of \zL are Gaussian.Comment: Major revision. Fig.10 was added. Version to appear in Journal of
Statistical Physic
Existence theorems for multidimensional Lagrange problems
Existence theorems are proved for multidimensional Lagrange problems of the calculus of variations and optimal control. The unknowns are functions of several independent variables in a fixed bounded domain, the cost functional is a multiple integral, and the side conditions are partial differential equations, not necessarily linear, with assigned boundary conditions. Also, unilateral constraints may be prescribed both on the space and the control variables. These constraints are expressed by requiring that space and control variables take their values in certain fixed or variable sets wich are assumed to be closed but not necessarily compact.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45188/1/10957_2004_Article_BF00936648.pd
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