The effect of cell pretreatment on cell surface topology studied via atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy allows distinctively interpret the results of cell structure research together with another techniques using, at that, the same biological preparations. However, there are still discussion situation concerning application of atomic force microscopy with fixed cells. In this work, using spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques, we investigated morphometric parameters of cells in conditions of fixation with various chemical preparations as well as at drying and staining. We calculated phenomenological parameters and obtained histograms of distribution of adhesion forces of the probe toward a surface of cell membranes. The minimal disturbing effects were detected in the cases of a simple cell drying without fixation and staining. © IDOSI Publications, 2012

2-Alkoxy-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,2λ 5-benzodioxaphosphepan-5-one 2-Oxides in the Synthesis of Substituted Fluorinated Ketones

Hydrolysis of 2-alkoxy-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,2λ 5-benzodioxaphosphepan-5-one 2-oxides and their reaction with tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite followed by hydrolysis were proposed for preparation of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-trifluoromethylpropan-1-one and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-trifluoromethylpropan-1-one, respectively

The 2011 October Draconids Outburst. II. Meteoroid Chemical Abundances from Fireball Spectroscopy

On October 8, 2011 the Earth crossed dust trails ejected from comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in the late 19th and early 20th Century. This gave rise to an outburst in the activity of the October Draconid meteor shower, and an international team was organized to analyze this event. The SPanish Meteor Network (SPMN) joined this initiative and recorded the October Draconids by means of low light level CCD cameras. In addition, spectroscopic observations were carried out. Tens of multi-station meteor trails were recorded, including an extraordinarily bright October Draconid fireball (absolute mag. -10.5) that was simultaneously imaged from three SPMN meteor ob-serving stations located in Andalusia. Its spectrum was obtained, showing a clear evolution in the relative intensity of emission lines as the fireball penetrated deeper into the atmosphere. Here we focus on the analysis of this remarkable spectrum, but also discuss the atmospheric trajectory, atmospheric penetration, and orbital data computed for this bolide which was probably released during 21P/Giacobini-Zinner return to perihelion in 1907. The spectrum is discussed together with the tensile strength for the October Draconid meteoroids. The chemical profile evolution of the main rocky elements for this extremely bright bolide is compared with the elemental abundances obtained for 5 October Draconid fireballs also recorded during our spectroscopic campaign but observed only at a single station. Significant chemical heterogeneity between the small meteoroids is found as we should expect for cometary aggregates being formed by diverse dust components.Comment: Manuscript in press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Accepted for publication in MNRAS on April 28th, 2013 Manuscript Pages: 28 Tables: 5 Figures: 12. Manuscript associated: "The 2011 October Draconids outburst. I. Orbital elements, meteoroid fluxes and 21P/Giacobini-Zinner delivered mass to Earth" by Trigo-Rodriguez et al. is also in press in the same journa

Fluoroalkoxy-derivatives of trivalent phosphorus: Synthesis and reactivity

The review surveys and gives a systematic account of the electronic structures, syntheses, and chemical properties of fluoroalkyl derivatives of trivalent phosphorus (phosphites, thiophosphites, and amidophophites). The methods of preparation and reactivities of fluoroalkyl phosphites are compared with those of unsubstituted phosphites. The bibliography includes 420 references. © 1996 Russian Academy of Sciences and Turpion Ltd

The influenza epidemic in Russia during the 2014–2015 season

The goal of this study was to compare the data on the intensity of the influenza A(H3N2) and B epidemic (especially the death toll) in the 2014–2015 season with the previous epidemic of the 2013-2014 season. The data on weekly morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza, and acute respiratory diseases in different age groups of inhabitants of 59 cities located in 7 Federal districts of the Russian Federation were collected using the database of the Research Institute of Influenza.Analysis of this data showed that the influenza epidemic in 2014-2015 began earlier (in December) compared to the epidemic of 2013-2014, and spread mainly from Europe through Russia to the East. The intensity of the epidemic of 2014-2015 was higher compared to the previous one. The epidemic was more prevalent by regions and cities and a wider engagement of different age groups (except children up to 2 years of age) was observed. At the peak of the epidemic, the morbidity level was higher, the average duration of the epidemic was longer, and the number of patients among cities’ inhabitants (especially among children 7-14 years of age and adults) was higher than in the previous season. The rates of hospitalization with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) among patients older than 65 years were also higher (1.4 times) as well as the frequency of hospitalization with a diagnosis of “influenza” (2.7 times) and the number of deaths from laboratory confirmed influenza (1.8 times).Although the influenza pandemic virus strain A(H1N1)pdm09 was not the main causative agent of the 2015 epidemic and was distributed sporadically it still remained the leading cause of deaths from influenza in the course of this epidemic (45.5% of all cases). The deaths associated with this strain were recorded only in the European part of Russian Federation.The goal of this study was to compare the data on the intensity of the influenza A(H3N2) and B epidemic (especially the death toll) in the 2014–2015 season with the previous epidemic of the 2013-2014 season. The data on weekly morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza, and acute respiratory diseases in different age groups of inhabitants of 59 cities located in 7 Federal districts of the Russian Federation were collected using the database of the Research Institute of Influenza. Analysis of this data showed that the influenza epidemic in 2014-2015 began earlier (in December) compared to the epidemic of 2013-2014, and spread mainly from Europe through Russia to the East. The intensity of the epidemic of 2014-2015 was higher compared to the previous one. The epidemic was more prevalent by regions and cities and a wider engagement of different age groups (except children up to 2 years of age) was observed. At the peak of the epidemic, the morbidity level was higher, the average duration of the epidemic was longer, and the number of patients among cities’ inhabitants (especially among children 7-14 years of age and adults) was higher than in the previous season. The rates of hospitalization with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) among patients older than 65 years were also higher (1.4 times) as well as the frequency of hospitalization with a diagnosis of “influenza” (2.7 times) and the number of deaths from laboratory confirmed influenza (1.8 times). Although the influenza pandemic virus strain A(H1N1)pdm09 was not the main causative agent of the 2015 epidemic and was distributed sporadically it still remained the leading cause of deaths from influenza in the course of this epidemic (45.5% of all cases). The deaths associated with this strain were recorded only in the European part of Russian Federation

A new approach to the synthesis of phosphoranes based on the reaction of benzo[d]-1,3,2-dioxaphospholes, having β- or γ-unsaturated group in a substituent, with compounds containing multiple bonds

We developed a new approach to the synthesis of phosphoranes and carba phosphatranes on the basis of the reaction of benzo[d]-1,3,2-dioxaphospholes, having β- or γ-unsaturated group in a substituent, with such compounds containing multiple bonds, such as hexafluoroacetone, chloral, and diethylacetylenedicarboxylate. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Cycloexpansion reactions in benzo[e]-1,3,2-diheterophosphorin-4-ones and 4-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes

The peculiarities of the reactions of 2-R-benzo[d]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-4- ones, 2-R-naphtho[d]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-4-ones, 2-R-8-azabenzo[e]-1,3,2- dioxaphosphorin-4- ones, and 2-R-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan-4-ones with unsaturated compounds are summarized in the review. The reactions proceed in the mild conditions and lead to the formation of the seven- and six-membered heterocycles 1,3,2-dioxa-, 1,3,2-oxaza-, 1,4,2-dioxa-, and 1,4,2- oxazaphosphepines and 1,3,2- and 1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with a high regio- and stereoselectivity. The hydrolysis and thermolysis of the some benzophosphepine derivatives leads to the substituted fluorinated ketones and various nonphosphorus heterocycles. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reaction of 2-methoxy-1,3,2-dioxa-phosphorino[4,5-b]pyridin-4(4H)-one with hexafluoroacetone

The reaction of the di-O-trimethylsilyl derivative of 2-hydroxynicotinic acid with methyl phosphodichloridite afforded 2-methoxy-1,3,2- dioxaphosphorino[4,5-b]pyridin-4(4H )-one. The NMR spectrkscopic data suggest that the reaction of the latter with hexafluoroacetone produces unstable 2-methoxy-2,5-dioxo-4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,2-dioxa- phosphepino[4,5-b]pyridine, which is readily transformed into 9-methyl-2,5-dioxo-4,4- bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,2- dioxaphosphepino[4,5-b]pyrid-9-inium-2-oate. The structure of the hydrolysis product of the latter, viz., 1-methyl-3-(2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoro-2- trifluoromethylpropanoyl)pyridin-2-one, was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Reactions of 2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-diazaphosphol-4-yl)- 4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphinin-4-one with chloral and hexafluoroacetone

Reaction of 2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-diazaphosphol-4-yl)-4H-1,3,2- benzodioxaphosphinin-4-one with chloral occurs at Piii atom of the 1,3,2-dioxaphosphinine cycle giving mostly 2-chlorocarbonylphenyl 2,2-dichlorovinyl (5-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-diazaphosphol-4-yl)phosphonate, whereas hexafluoroacetone incorporates into the 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorine cycle affording the corresponding 1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphepine. © 2011 Mendeleev Communications. All rights reserved

Reaction of 2-substituted 4-oxo-5, 6-benzo-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphorinanes with ethyl pyruvate

The reaction of 2-substituted 4-oxo-5, 6-benzo-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphorinanes with ethyl pyruvate affords ring-expansion products, i.e., diastereomeric 2-substituted 2, 5-dioxo-6, 7benzo-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphepanes. © 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation