11,454 research outputs found
Rapping About Authenticity : Exploring the Differences in Perceptions of Authenticity in Rap Music by Consumers.
Historically, social scientists have not only marginalized rap music as a viable unit of scholarly analysis, but failed at attempts to understand the thoughts and actions of rap music consumers. This study analyzes the connection between rap music’s (and the artists’) authenticity and how those perceptions of authenticity affect music consumers’ decision making process, thus providing a possible explanation as to why music fans purchase rap music. The goal of this research was to see if the reasons rap music fans provide explaining the rationale behind their purchases match the images and perceptions presumably held by the general public about rap music.
A snowball sample was used to survey a total of 30 rap music “experts.” The findings from this study indicate the concept of authenticity is very important in validating not only rap music, but rap artist, rap music fans, and hip hop culture as a whole. The findings from this study provide empirical evidence supporting the importance of authenticity as a construct and the use of rap music as a unit of scholarly research analysis. By justifying the importance of authenticity to rap music and hip hop culture, this research proposes that authenticity may well be used as a means to maintain existing relationships with a fan-base and as a marketing tool used by record companies to attract new fans and generate album sales
The Albedo Distribution of Near Earth Asteroids
The cryogenic WISE mission in 2010 was extremely sensitive to asteroids and
not biased against detecting dark objects. The albedos of 428 Near Earth
Asteroids (NEAs) observed by WISE during its fully cryogenic mission can be fit
quite well by a 3 parameter function that is the sum of two Rayleigh
distributions. The Rayleigh distribution is zero for negative values, and
follows for positive x. The peak
value is at x=\sigma, so the position and width are tied together. The three
parameters are the fraction of the objects in the dark population, the position
of the dark peak, and the position of the brighter peak. We find that 25.3% of
the NEAs observed by WISE are in a very dark population peaking at , while the other 74.7% of the NEAs seen by WISE are in a moderately dark
population peaking at . A consequence of this bimodal distribution
is that the Congressional mandate to find 90% of all NEAs larger than 140 m
diameter cannot be satisfied by surveying to H=22 mag, since a 140 m diameter
asteroid at the very dark peak has H=23.7 mag, and more than 10% of NEAs are
darker than p_V = 0.03.Comment: 7 pages LaTex, 4 figures, accepted for publication in the
Astronomical Journa
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Lithium and carbon isotopic fractionations between the alteration assemblages of Nakhla and Lafayette
Nakhla and Lafayette delta 7Li values for samples and extracts (4.1-14.2�) are consistent with brine evaporation. Relatively 13C-poor siderite in Lafayette suggests more than one carbon source was sampled
Nongrowing season ET from irrigated fields
The evaporative loss of water from agricultural fields during the nongrowing
season is an important component of the annual water balance of irrigated lands.
This study was conducted to measure daily ET from clipped grass and fallow fields
from October through March and to compare the ET with precipitation received
during the same period. Two weighing lysimeters near Kimberly, Idaho, were
used to measure daily ET for six nongrowing seasons, from 1985 through 1991.
ET averaged about 1 mm/day during the 6-month season, and total El' exceeded
precipitation except for the 1985-86 period. ET from the grass lysimeter exceeded
that from the mostly fallow lysimeter in early fall while the reverse was true
during late winter. The results indicate that there is little, if any, potential for a
net increase in stored soil water during the nongrowing season when fields receive
an early or mid-fall irrigation in southern Idaho
Estimating crop evapotranspiration
Dominant crop and environmental conditions need to be considered
to obtain accurate estimates of Et for a specific crop. Meteorological
conditions determine the evaporative demand while the crop canopy and
soil moisture conditions determine the extent to which that demand will be
met. Evapotranspiration for a particular crop can be estimated if measurements
or estimates of a potential or reference E, are available. These
measurements or estimates represent the meteorological demand. Crop
coefficients represent the crop and soil ability to meet the demand.
Extensive research has been conducted on reference E, methods and
crop coefficients because of their use in irrigation scheduling and water
resources allocation, management, and planning. The available methods
for estimating reference E, when properly used with reliable crop curves
permit estimating crop E, within the accuracy of most field-irrigation
systems to deliver water (Jensen et al., 1971; Jensen and Wright, 1978;
Wright and Jensen, 1978).
Various procedures have been used during the past three decades to
obtain the experimental crop and reference Et data needed to develop Et
crop coefficients. Several sets of curves derived from these data have been
published (Burman et al., 1980; Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977; Jensen, 1974;
Pruitt et al., 1972, l987a; Wright, 1979, 1981, 1982). It is important that
empirically derived-crop coefficients be used with the appropriate reference Et.
The climatic adequacy of the methods, the necessary data, and the
time scale all need to be understood and carefully applied if accurate
estimates of crop water requirements are to be obtained
Crop Coefficient for Estimates of Daily Crop Evapotranspiration
Crop coefficients are used with values of reference evapotranspiration (ET)
to estimate water use of a crop. Since the direct measurement of reference
ET is expensive, time consuming, and laborious, it is usually preferable to
calculate it tram more easily obtainable climatic data. Extensive research
on reference ET methods and Improved crop coefficients has been conducted
because of their application in irrigation scheduling and other aspects of
water resources allocation. management and planning.
Various procedures have been used to obtain the necessary experimental crop
and reference ET data, and several types of crop coefficient curves have been
published during the past ten years (Jensen 1974, Doorenbos and Pruitt 1977,
Burmas et al. 1980, Wright 1979, 1981). Crop coefficients must be matched
with the appropriate reference ET. The climatic adequacy of the methods, the
necessary input data, and the time scale all need to be understood and carefully
applied if accurate estimates of crop water requirements are to he
obtained for either irrigation scheduling or water resources planning. The
available methods for estimating reference ET and improved crop curves, when
properly applied, permit estimates of crop ET which are within the accuracy
of most field irrigation systems to deliver water (Jensen et al. 1971, Jensen
and Wright 1978, Wright and Jensen 1978).
This discussion briefly reviews the nature and origin of commonly used coefficients
and outlines the conditions under which they can be appropriately
applied. The application of recent "basal" crop coefficients (Wright 1981)
is discussed and "mean" crop coefficients recently developed from ET data obtained
with weighing lysimeters in Southern Idaho are also presented
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