Adam Smith and the theory of punishment

A distinctive theory of punishment plays a central role in Smith's moral and legal theory. According to this theory, we regard the punishment of a crime as deserved only to the extent that an impartial spectator would go along with the actual or supposed resentment of the victim. The first part of this paper argues that Smith's theory deserves serious consideration and relates it to other theories such as utilitarianism and more orthodox forms of retributivism. The second part considers the objection that, because Smith's theory implies that punishment is justified only when there is some person or persons who is the victim of the crime, it cannot explain the many cases where punishment is imposed purely for the public good. It is argued that Smith's theory could be extended to cover such cases. The third part defends Smith's theory against the objection that, because it relies on our natural feelings, it cannot provide an adequate moral justification of punishment

Developmental Growth of Four Species of Range Grasses in North-central Oklahoma

Botan

Fulvestrant-induced expression of erbB3 and erbB4 sensitizes ER-positive breast cancer cells to heregulins

We have previously reported that induction of EGFR and erbB2 in response to antihormones may provide an early mechanism allowing breast cancer cells to evade the growth inhibitory action of such therapies and ultimately drive resistant growth. More recently, another member of the erbB receptor family, erbB3, has been implicated in antihormone resistance in breast cancer. In the present study we have investigated whether induction of erbB3, and related family member erbB4, may provide an alternative resistance mechanism to antihormonal action in a panel of four ER-positive breast cancer cell lines. MCF-7, T47D, BT474 and MDAMB361 cell lines were exposed to fulvestrant (100 nM) for 7 days, and effects on erbB3/4 signalling and growth were assessed. Effects of the erbB3/4 ligand heregulin-β1 were also examined in the absence and presence of fulvestrant. Fulvestrant potently reduced ER expression and transcriptional activity and significantly inhibited growth in all four cell lines. However, alongside this inhibitory activity, fulvestrant also consistently induced protein expression and activity of erbB4 in the four cell lines and also promoted erbB3, erbB2 and EGFR protein expression and activity in MCF-7 and T47D cells. Consequently, fulvestrant treatment sensitised each cell line to the actions of heregulin-β1 with enhanced erbB3/4-driven signalling activity and significant increases in cell proliferation being observed when compared with untreated cells. Indeed, in T47D and MDAMB361, heregulin-β1 was converted from a ligand having negligible or suppressive growth activity into one that potently promoted cell proliferation. Consequently, fulvestrant-induced growth inhibition was completely overridden by heregulin-β1 in all four cell lines. In conclusion, these findings would suggest that although antihormones, such as fulvestrant, may have potent acute growth inhibitory activity in ER-positive breast cancer cells, their ability to induce and sensitize cells to growth factors, such as heregulins, may serve to reduce and ultimately limit their inhibitory activity

Quasi four-level Tm:LuAG laser

A quasi four-level solid-state laser is provided. A laser crystal is disposed in a laser cavity. The laser crystal has a LuAG-based host material doped to a final concentration between about 2% and about 7% thulium (Tm) ions. For the more heavily doped final concentrations, the LuAG-based host material is a LuAG seed crystal doped with a small concentration of Tm ions. Laser diode arrays are disposed transversely to the laser crystal for energizing the Tm ions

Measurement of the Noise Resulting from the Interaction of Turbulence with a Lifting Surface

An experimental study of the noise resulting from the interaction of an airfoil with incident turbulence is presented. The test models include NACA0015 airfoils of different chord lengths, a flat plate with a sharp leading edge, and an airfoil of same section as a reference Fowler flap. The airfoils are immersed in nearly isotropic turbulence. Two approaches for performing the noise measurements are used and compared. The effects that turbulence intensity and scales, airfoil geometry, velocity and angle of attack have on the incident turbulence interaction noise are examined. Detailed directivity measurements are presented. It is found that noise spectral levels beyond the peak frequency decrease more with decreasing airfoil leading edge sharpness, and that spectral peak level (at 0 deg. angle of attack) appears to be mostly controlled by the airfoil fs thickness and chord. Increase in turbulence scale and intensity are observed to lead to a uniform increase of the noise spectral levels with an LI(sup 2) dependence (where L is the turbulence longitudinal integral scale and I is the turbulence intensity). Noise levels are found to scale with the 6th power of velocity and the 2nd power of the airfoil chord. Sensitivity to changes in angle of attack appears to have a turbulence longitudinal integral scale to chord (C) ratio dependence, with large effects on noise for L/C greater than or equal to 1 and decreased effects as L/C becomes smaller than 1. For all L/C values, the directivity pattern of the noise resulting from the incident turbulence is seen to remain symmetric with respect to the direction of the mean flow until stall, at which point, the directivity becomes symmetric with respect to the airfoil chord. It is also observed that sensitivity to angle of attack changes is more pronounced on the model suction side than on the model pressure side, and in the higher frequency range of the spectra for the largest airfoils tested (L/C less than 0.24)

Evaluation of Cattle-ASE?äó on Gain of Yearling Heifers Grazing Bermudagrass

Last updated: 6/12/200

Landing Gear Components Noise Study - PIV and Hot-Wire Measurements

PIV and hot-wire measurements of the wake flow from rods and bars are presented. The test models include rods of different diameters and cross sections and a rod juxtaposed to a plate. The latter is representative of the latch door that is attached to an aircraft landing gear when the gear is deployed, while the single and multiple rod configurations tested are representative of some of the various struts and cables configuration present on an aircraft landing gear. The test set up is described and the flow measurements are presented. The effect of model surface treatment and freestream turbulence on the spanwise coherence of the vortex shedding is studied for several rod and bar configurations