Mass transfer cooling on a porous flat plate in carbon-dioxide and air streams

Mass transfer cooling on porous flat plate in carbon dioxide and air stream

No Child Left Behind: A Critical Look at the Historic Educational Reform And A Proposal of the Necessary Remedies

On January 8, 2002, President George Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 into law. NCLB dramatically altered and expanded the federal role in both elementary and secondary education policy. The law was a result of a long standing history of educational reform for equality within the classroom coupled with a movement that began in the aftermath of the 1983 A Nation at Risk Report to make sure American youth stayed on par with other industrialized nations. No Child Left Behind was the most sweeping piece of transformational education reform since the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. No Child Left Behind reaches a broad scope of individuals as it applies to all public schools and their students across the United States of America. The act aims to provide equality of outcomes in regards to the future of our world and the levels of elementary and secondary education in which they receive. The legislation is designed around the notion of outputs, also known as measuring academic performances through high-stakes testing. The law calls for a significant increase in federal education spending, mandates that states must design and administer proficiency tests to all of their students grades three through eight and again once in tenth through twelfth grade. No Child Left Behind requires that a qualified teacher is placed within every classroom, and also assures that states and local districts will be held accountable for the performance of their public schools through the method of enforcing an array of corrective measures within public schools that fail to make adequate yearly progress in the direction of the ultimate goal: 100% student proficiency

High Resolution Flicker-Noise-Free Frequency Measurements of Weak Microwave Signals

Amplification is usually necessary when measuring the frequency instability of microwave signals. In this work, we develop a flicker noise free frequency measurement system based on a common or shared amplifier. First, we show that correlated flicker phase noise can be cancelled in such a system. Then we compare the new system with the conventional by simultaneously measuring the beat frequency from two cryogenic sapphire oscillators with parts in 10^15 fractional frequency instability. We determine for low power, below -80 dBm, the measurements were not limited by correlated noise processes but by thermal noise of the readout amplifier. In this regime, we show that the new readout system performs as expected and at the same level as the standard system but with only half the number of amplifiers. We also show that, using a standard readout system, the next generation of cryogenic sapphire oscillators could be flicker phase noise limited when instability reaches parts in 10^16 or betterComment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Technique