43,864 research outputs found
A Review of Mathematical Models for the Formation of\ud Vascular Networks
Mainly two mechanisms are involved in the formation of blood vasculature: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The former consists of the formation of a capillary-like network from either a dispersed or a monolayered population of endothelial cells, reproducible also in vitro by specific experimental assays. The latter consists of the sprouting of new vessels from an existing capillary or post-capillary venule. Similar phenomena are also involved in the formation of the lymphatic system through a process generally called lymphangiogenesis.\ud
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A number of mathematical approaches have analysed these phenomena. This paper reviews the different modelling procedures, with a special emphasis on their ability to reproduce the biological system and to predict measured quantities which describe the overall processes. A comparison between the different methods is also made, highlighting their specific features
Imidazopyrrolone/imide copolymers Patent
Synthesis and chemical properties of imidazopyrrolone/imide copolymer
Dosimeter for high levels of absorbed radiation Patent
Development of dosimeter for measuring absorbed dose of high energy ionizing radiatio
Thinking critically about rapport and collusion in feminist research: relationships, contexts and ethical practice
This is an introductory paper to the WSIF Special Issue on 'Rapport and collusion in feminist research' by the co-editors, Dr Georgia Philip and Dr Linda Bell
Bell nonlocality, signal locality and unpredictability (or What Bohr could have told Einstein at Solvay had he known about Bell experiments)
The 1964 theorem of John Bell shows that no model that reproduces the
predictions of quantum mechanics can simultaneously satisfy the assumptions of
locality and determinism. On the other hand, the assumptions of \emph{signal
locality} plus \emph{predictability} are also sufficient to derive Bell
inequalities. This simple theorem, previously noted but published only
relatively recently by Masanes, Acin and Gisin, has fundamental implications
not entirely appreciated. Firstly, nothing can be concluded about the
ontological assumptions of locality or determinism independently of each other
-- it is possible to reproduce quantum mechanics with deterministic models that
violate locality as well as indeterministic models that satisfy locality. On
the other hand, the operational assumption of signal locality is an empirically
testable (and well-tested) consequence of relativity. Thus Bell inequality
violations imply that we can trust that some events are fundamentally
\emph{unpredictable}, even if we cannot trust that they are indeterministic.
This result grounds the quantum-mechanical prohibition of arbitrarily accurate
predictions on the assumption of no superluminal signalling, regardless of any
postulates of quantum mechanics. It also sheds a new light on an early stage of
the historical debate between Einstein and Bohr.Comment: Substantially modified version; added HMW as co-autho
Light May Have Triggered a Period of Net Heterotrophy in Lake Superior
Recent studies of Lake Superior, the Earth\u27s largest freshwater lake by surface area, describe it as net heterotrophic (primary production \u3c community respiration), making it a net source of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. This conclusion is largely based on measurements made between 1998 and 2001. We present a long‐term (1968–2016) analysis of ice‐free (April–November) surface oxygen (O2) saturation data collected by monitoring agencies. These data indicate that Lake Superior\u27s surface waters are typically supersaturated with dissolved O2 from May to September (May–September mean is 103.5% ± 0.6%; pooled mean from April, October, and November is 97.6% ± 1.1%, standard error of the mean). However, these data also support prior studies which describe a state of net heterotrophy from 1998 to 2001. We investigated potential triggers for a transient heterotrophic period and discuss the sources of organic carbon necessary to fuel net heterotrophy in a large oligotrophic lake. We conclude that net heterotrophy likely resulted from an increase in light period and penetration driven by declines in cloud cover, increases in water clarity, and a reduction of winter ice cover following the 1997–1998 El Niño. Together, these could have depleted a pre‐existing pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) via photomineralization and/or photochemical degradation. Our results indicate that Lake Superior is typically net autotrophic (calculated annual CO2 influx = ∼ 0.4 Tg C). These results highlight how water clarity and aquatic DOC pools may interact to induce net metabolic shifts in large oligotrophic aquatic ecosystems
A note on heat and mass transfer from a sphere in Stokes\ud flow at low Péclet number
We consider the low Péclet number, Pe ≪ 1, asymptotic solution for steady-state heat and mass transfer from a sphere immersed in Stokes flow with a Robin boundary condition on its surface, representing Newton cooling or a first-order chemical reaction. The application of van Dyke’s rule up to terms of O(Pe3) shows that the O(Pe3 log Pe) terms in the expression for the average Nusselt/Sherwood number are double those previously derived in the literature. Inclusion of the O(Pe3) terms is shown to increase significantly the range of validity of the expansion
Witnessed Entanglement
We present a new measure of entanglement for mixed states. It can be
approximately computable for every state and can be used to quantify all
different types of multipartite entanglement. We show that it satisfies the
usual properties of a good entanglement quantifier and derive relations between
it and other entanglement measures.Comment: Revised version. 7 pages and one figur
Fundamental Speed Limits on Quantum Coherence and Correlation Decay
The study and control of coherence in quantum systems is one of the most
exciting recent developments in physics. Quantum coherence plays a crucial role
in emerging quantum technologies as well as fundamental experiments. A major
obstacle to the utilization of quantum effects is decoherence, primarily in the
form of dephasing that destroys quantum coherence, and leads to effective
classical behaviour. We show that there are universal relationships governing
dephasing, which constrain the relative rates at which quantum correlations can
disappear. These effectively lead to speed limits which become especially
important in multi-partite systems
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