654 research outputs found
Formation energy and interaction of point defects in two-dimensional colloidal crystals
The manipulation of individual colloidal particles using optical tweezers has
allowed vacancies to be created in two-dimensional (2d) colloidal crystals,
with unprecedented possibility of real-time monitoring the dynamics of such
defects (Nature {\bf 413}, 147 (2001)). In this Letter, we employ molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations to calculate the formation energy of single defects
and the binding energy between pairs of defects in a 2d colloidal crystal. In
the light of our results, experimental observations of vacancies could be
explained and then compared to simulation results for the interstitial defects.
We see a remarkable similarity between our results for a 2d colloidal crystal
and the 2d Wigner crystal (Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 86}, 492 (2001)). The results
show that the formation energy to create a single interstitial is
lower than that of the vacancy. Because the pair binding energies of the
defects are strongly attractive for short distances, the ground state should
correspond to bound pairs with the interstitial bound pairs being the most
probable.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Transverse Myelitis
Os autores apresentam trĂŞs casos de mielite transversa de instalação aguda em doentes jovens, salientando a possĂvel gravidade do quadro neurolĂłgico, a necessidade de excluir uma causa potencialmente tratável e a controvĂ©rsia da terapĂŞutica com corticosteroides
Configurational entropy of Wigner crystals
We present a theoretical study of classical Wigner crystals in two- and
three-dimensional isotropic parabolic traps aiming at understanding and
quantifying the configurational uncertainty due to the presence of multiple
stable configurations. Strongly interacting systems of classical charged
particles confined in traps are known to form regular structures. The number of
distinct arrangements grows very rapidly with the number of particles, many of
these arrangements have quite low occurrence probabilities and often the
lowest-energy structure is not the most probable one. We perform numerical
simulations on systems containing up to 100 particles interacting through
Coulomb and Yukawa forces, and show that the total number of metastable
configurations is not a well defined and representative quantity. Instead, we
propose to rely on the configurational entropy as a robust and objective
measure of uncertainty. The configurational entropy can be understood as the
logarithm of the effective number of states; it is insensitive to the presence
of overlooked low-probability states and can be reliably determined even within
a limited time of a simulation or an experiment.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version
of an article accepted for publication in J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. IOP
Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version
of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The definitive
publisher-authenticated version is available online at
10.1088/0953-8984/23/7/075302.
Classical artificial two-dimensional atoms: the Thomson model
The ring configurations for classical two-dimensional atoms are calculated
within the Thomson model and compared with the results from `exact' numerical
simulations. The influence of the functional form of the confinement potential
and the repulsive interaction potential between the particles on the
configurations is investigated. We also give exact results on those eigenmodes
of the system whose frequency does not depend on the number of particles in the
system.Comment: 9 pages, RevTeX, 4 figure
Generalized Ladder Operators for Shape-invariant Potentials
A general form for ladder operators is used to construct a method to solve
bound-state Schr\"odinger equations. The characteristics of supersymmetry and
shape invariance of the system are the start point of the approach. To show the
elegance and the utility of the method we use it to obtain energy spectra and
eigenfunctions for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator and Morse potentials
and for the radial harmonic oscillator and Coulomb potentials.Comment: in Revte
Evolution of physical processes in models of population dynamics
Neste texto apresentamos e discutimos um breve panorama cronolĂłgico para a dinâmica de populações, observando o ponto de vista dos autores, bem como a evolução dos principais modelos matemáticos e sua importância histĂłrica. Com foco na predição temporal e espacial da variação do nĂşmero de indivĂduos de uma população, analisamos como modelar matematicamente os processos fĂsicos como crescimento, interação, difusĂŁo e fluxo de um coletivo de indivĂduos. Partimos do bem conhecido modelo de Fibonacci e discutimos como modelos que o sucederam, a saber, o modelo Malthusiano, Lotka-Volterra e Fisher-Kolmogorov, foram capazes de ampliar o entendimento do comportamento de uma população. Apresentamos, nesta linha temporal sinuosa, como as interações entre uma mesma espĂ©cie e entre espĂ©cies podem ser explicadas e modeladas. Mostramos como funciona o processo de extinção de uma espĂ©cie predadora, o fenĂ´meno de difusĂŁo de um coletivo devido as mais diversas exigĂŞncias espaciais, as migrações e invasões de territĂłrios por meio de uma dinâmica convectiva nos modelos de dinâmica de uma população e tambĂ©m como a nĂŁo-localidade nas interações e no crescimento ampliam enormemente nosso entendimento sobre os padrões na natureza.In this paper we present and discuss a brief overview chronological for the population dynamics, observing the point of view of the authors, as well as the evolution of the main mathematical models and its historical importance. Focusing on temporal and spatial prediction of the variation in the number of individuals in a population, we analyze how to mathematically model the physical processes such as growth, interaction, dissemination and flow of a collective of individuals. We start from the well-known model of Fibonacci and discussed how models who succeeded him, namely the Malthusian model, Lotka-Volterra and Fisher-Kolmogorov were able to expand the understanding of the behavior of a population. Here, in this winding timeline as the interactions between species and between species can be explained and modeled. We show how the process of extinguishing a predatory species works, the diffusion phenomenon of a collective because the most diverse space requirements, migration and invasions of territories by means of convective momentum in dynamic models of a population as well as non-locality in interactions and growth greatly expand our understanding of the patterns in nature
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