Copula variability in Gullah

Many researchers have investigated the copula for possible links between African American Vernacular English (aave) and Atlantic Creoles, a connection that has served as the foundation of the Creolist Hypothesis in the on-going debate over the origins of aave. One variety that has been of particular interest in this debate is Gullah, which has been hypothetically linked to aave since some of the earliest statements of the Creolist Hypothesis. To date, however, very little research has been done on copula variability in Gullah itself. This study, therefore, provides an analysis of copula variability in present affirmative contexts in Gullah. Variation is found among full, contracted, and zero forms in 1st person singular, plural02nd person singular, and 3rd person singular environments. The analysis also reveals some parallels between Gullah and aave that offer support for the theory of an aave0creole connection

Should mangrove forests be used as coastal protection for the Gulf of Mexico from future climate effects: A look at the Houston Galveston area.

Climate change effects pose a major threat to coastal cities. Sea-level rise and an increase in hurricane intensity will increase the need for protection for these communities. Wetland ecosystems provide key protective services to the cities that lie behind them. Mangroves are a coastal wetland with benefits such as wave attenuation, carbon sequestration, and shoreline management. Mangrove’s habitat range will expand northward as climate change progresses. With a 2-4°C increase in winter temperature extremes black mangroves are projected to be able to inhabit the entire coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The viability of using mangrove forests as future protection for the Houston Galveston area was evaluated with the conditions of replacing the native salt marshes entirely with mangroves. The total net cost of the endeavor was calculated by placing monetary prices on each of the 5 identified benefits to give a range of total projected prices. Using spatial analysis four areas in the region were identified as being areas of high ecological value while accounting for costs. When compared to current protection plans for the study area would be economically viable and beneficial to the region. Annual benefits totaling 60 million dollars would benefit the region for as long as the mangroves are present. Utilizing the areas highlighted in the spatial analysis to focus current wetland restoration can provide more effective immediate protection. The tailoring of specific economic models to the region would prove a more dialed in price estimation

Extraction and Identification of Clavine and Lysergic Acid Alkaloids from Morning Glories

Author Institution: Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio UniversityWITTERS, WELDON L. Extraction and identification of clavine and lysergic acid alkaloids from morning glories. Ohio J. Sci. 75(4): 198, 1975

REDUCING SEASONALITY IN DAIRY PRODUCTION

Livestock Production/Industries,

Variability in negation in African American Vernacular English

For quantitative sociolinguists, one of the goals of investigating variability in African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is to understand better the nature of the grammar. Specifically, researchers have been interested in whether the variation observed in AAVE is inherent to a single system or the result of interaction between two separate systems of AAVE and Standard English (SE). Variability in negation is an area of the AAVE grammar that has received minimal attention, but one that may offer some interesting insights into the nature of the system or systems at work. This article provides a framework to describe the variability between negative auxiliaries in predicative constructions based on a quantitative analysis of data collected in Columbus, Ohio. Five variables are investigated in this study. One involves interaction between third-person singular inflection and non-inflection in present do-support constructions (NEG Pres). A second involves variation between ain\u27t and don\u27t with the predicates got or gotta (NEG Got(ta)). And the other three involve interaction between ain\u27t and negative auxiliaries in present copular (NEG Cop), present perfect (NEG Perf), and past do-support (NEG Past) constructions. The results of this study show that, with the possible exception of the (NEG Pres) variation, these alternations all appear to belong to one underlying system

Predicting Optimal Targeting Strategies in Multispecies Fisheries: A Portfolio Approach

When regulations are species specific but the species are part of a multispecies fishery, studies show that harvest rates are correlated such that net revenues attributed to each species are also correlated. This correlation suggests that portfolio theory is well suited for multispecies fisheries that exhibit joint productive characteristics. This paper uses a portfolio approach to model the behavior of fishermen faced with multiple targeting options in a random harvest fishery. The approach draws from the expected utility hypothesis and financial portfolio theory to predict optimal targeting strategies. The methodology is applied to the pelagic longline fleet operating in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico. The model provides evidence that area closures aimed at reducing juvenile swordfish mortality will be more effective in certain regions. Efficient risk-return frontiers are also generated for use in predicting targeting behavior in lieu of a closure.fisheries economics, fisheries management, highly migratory species, multispecies fisheries, portfolio theory, swordfish, targeting strategies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q22, G11, D81, C61,

Practices Used by Dairy Farmers to Reduce Seasonal Production Variability

The objective of this analysis was to identify the production practices used by farmers to change seasonal production. Production practices included milk production per cow, proportion of cows milking, number of first lactation animals entering the herd, number of cows leaving the herd, number of days to first breeding, and calves born. Farms that participated in a seasonal pricing plan during 1993, 1994, and 1995 decreased production practice seasonality in response to price premiums, which caused a decrease in production seasonality compared to nonparticipating farms. Participating farms showed a preference for adjusting entering first lactation animals and number of calves born, but did make adjustments in other practices as well.Livestock Production/Industries,

On finite--temperature and --density radiative corrections to the neutrino effective potential in the early Universe

Finite-temperature and -density radiative corrections to the neutrino effective potential in the otherwise CP-symmetric early Universe are considered in the real-time approach of Thermal Field Theory. A consistent perturbation theory endowed with the hard thermal loop resummation techniques developed by Braaten and Pisarski is applied. Special attention is focused on the question whether such corrections can generate any nonzero contribution to the CP-symmetric part of the neutrino potential, if the contact approximation for the W-propagator is used.Comment: 11 pages, revtex styl