Investigating the association between children who witness domestic volence in their household and being clinically diagnosed with childhood depression

Introduction/Objective: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in the general population. In particular, childhood depression is undertreated. Domestic violence affects more than 32 million Americans, and children who witness violence are more likely to display internalizing behaviors. Although the association between childhood abuse and depression in adulthood has been established, the objective of our study was to determine the association between children witnessing violence at home and being diagnosed with childhood depression. Methods: We used the 2011 NSCH database, which randomly surveyed parents in the U.S. Our cross-sectional study sample was limited to children 8-17 years old, and whose parents responded to specific survey questions. The exposure was children who witnessed domestic violence at home and the outcome was the diagnosis of childhood depression. Data analysis included 1) a descriptive analysis of population baseline characteristics, 2) a bivariate analysis of the baseline characteristics with the exposure and outcome, and 3) a multivariate logistic regression to control for potential confounders. Results: Our sample included 54,268 children. The unadjusted binary logistic regression indicated that children who witnessed domestic violence were 4.5 times more likely (95% CI 3.6- 5.5, p <0.001) to be diagnosed with childhood depression. However, the adjusted analysis did not find an association between witnessing domestic violence and childhood depression (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.4, p: 0.834). Other variables independently associated with childhood depression include, but are not limited to: children whose school contacted the household about problems more than 10 times (OR 8.4, 95% CI 5.9-12.1, p: <0.001), poor general health of the child (OR 7.7, 95% CI 2.6-22.6, p <0.001), and poor mental health of the mother (OR 7.4, 95% CI 3.0-18.5, p <0.001). Conclusions: Our study found that children witnessing domestic violence do not have an increased risk of childhood depression. We found other factors such as problems at school or instability at home had a significant influence on whether a child was clinically depressed. Further research should be conducted to explore the associations of these other factors with childhood depression

Optimizing Yield and Quality of Orchardgrass Pasture in Temperate Silvipastoral Systems

The objective of this study was to provide grazing management recommendations for a silvipastoral system by determining the effects of shade and nitrogen (N) on the pattern of dry matter accumulation and nutritive value of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) in a subhumid temperate environment. Orchardgrass in open pasture (100% transmittance) and under 10 year old Pinus radiata tree shade (60% transmittance) at 200 stems/ha was used as the main plot and nitrogen (0 and 300 kg N/ha as synthetic urine) was the subplot factor. Dry matter (DM) production of orchardgrass in the first 60-day spring rotation was similar in open and shade conditions (2.6 t/ha) but approximately doubled by the application of N. In the 60- day summer rotation, DM production was about 22% lower in the shaded plots and was increased by about 60% by the addition of N. Crude protein and organic matter digestibility declined with herbage age and the onset of reproductive tiller growth. It was concluded that to maximise DM production without compromising pasture quality, grazing management of orchardgrass should be similar in open and shaded pastures in spring (30-35 day regrowth) but a shorter regrowth length used for open (20 days) than silvipastoral (25-30 days) systems in summer

Dry Matter Production and Nutritive Value of Alfalfa (\u3ci\u3eMedicago sativa\u3c/i\u3e L.) and Orchardgrass (\u3ci\u3eDactylis glomerata\u3c/i\u3e L.) under Different Light Regimes

Spring and summer alfalfa dry matter and nitrogen production rates were greater than orchardgrass in open pasture and under three shade levels. Ten years old Pinus radiata allowed 60% light transmissivity. The addition of artificial shade resulted in 45% and 25% transmissivity. Orchardgrass pastures were nitrogen deficient and water stressed. In contrast, alfalfa was not stressed and it was more light responsive than orchardgrass. Differences in nutritive value were relatively small between species and between light regimes. Sheep liveweight gain on alfalfa was greater than on orchardgrass. Orchardgrass demonstrated shade tolerance, but alfalfa was more productive even at 25% transmissivity. Conventional concepts of shade tolerance may not be appropriate when screening pasture species for silvipastoral systems

Different Methods of Artificial Shade for Agro-Silvipastoral Research

Artificial shading sources are used to simulate silvipastoral light environments and study the effect of shade on pasture. Different sources of shade may not imitate normal forest light environment. An experiment was conducted to examine the light environment and effect on pasture yield components of two artificial shading materials. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pasture was submitted to three light regimes: full sunlight (100% transmissivity); black shade cloth (40%) and wooden slats (45%). The pattern of light exposure for plants differed under slats and shade cloth, but light intensity and quality were similar. Alfalfa dry matter (DM) yield and leaf area index under shaded treatments were about 60% of the open pasture. Numbers of stems per m2, number of nodes and plant height were also similar in both shaded treatments, but lower than in full sunlight. Plants under shade cloth and slats had a greater leaf to stem ratio, but leaf temperature was cooler under both shaded treatments than in full sunlight. This resulted in delayed alfalfa development. The results indicated that both slats and shade cloth can simulate the light environment under agroforestry, but they may not produce the same biological consequences

Análise dos padrões de resposta espectral multitemporal de cereais de estação fria cultivados para a produção de grãos e para produção de forragem em imagens de média resolução espacial.

Os cereais de estação fria cultivados para a produção de grãos no Brasil são o trigo, a aveia, o centeio, a cevada, e o triticale.Editado por José Carlos Neves Epiphanio, Lênio Soares Galvão

Manejo de animais e pastagens em sistemas de integração silvipastoril

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Growth performance, morphometric analysis of the intestinal mucosa and thyroid of broiler fed canola meal.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal in broiler diets on performance, liver histopathology, morphometry of the intestinal mucosa and thyroid. One-day-old Cobb chicks (n=300) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with increasing levels of replacement of soybean meal with canola meal (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and 6 repetitions of 10 birds each. Weight gain decreased linearly (P< 0.05) with increasing levels of inclusion of canola meal, in all stages. Villus height in the duodenum and jejunum linearly decreased (P< 0.05). Follicle diameter and thyroid follicular epithelium height increased linearly with increasing levels of canola meal (P< 0.05). Similarly, there was an increase in relative weight of liver and heart, and liver steatosis in the highest levels of replacement. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal with canola meal can reduce performance, adversely affecting the thyroid, liver and the morphometric characteristics in the duodenum and jejunum. Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de canola na dieta de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, a histopatologia hepática, a morfometria da mucosa intestinal e da tiroide. Foram distribuídos 300 pintos com um dia de idade em um delineamento inteiramente causualizado, com níveis crescentes de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de canola (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), 6 repetições com 10 aves cada. O ganho de peso diminuiu linearmente (P< 0,05) com níveis crescentes da substituição, em todas as fases. Assim como, a altura das vilosidades no duodeno e jejuno diminuiu linearmente (P< 0,05) em todas as idades avaliadas. O diâmetro do folículo e a altura do epitélio da tireoide aumentaram linearmente conforme aumentou os níveis de farelo de canola (P< 0,05). Da mesma forma, houve um aumento do peso relativo do fígado e do coração, e aparecimento de esteatose hepática nos níveis mais altos de substituição. Em conclusão, a substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de canola pode reduzir o desempenho, afetando negativamente a tireoide, o fígado e as características morfométricas no duodeno e jejuno