Measurement and Integration of 3-D Structures by Tracking Edge Lines

This paper describes techniques for dynamically modeling the 2-D appearance and 3-D geometry of a scene by integrating information from a moving camera. These techniques are illustrated by the design of a system which constructs a geometric description of a scene from the motion of a camera mounted on a robot arm. A framewor

Drivers behind corporate social responsibility in the professional football sector: a case study of the German Bundesliga

This article presents a case study of corporate social responsibility in one major European professional football league. An empirical analysis of the German Bundesliga investigates the social and environmental measures that were implemented by the 18 clubs and discusses their impact and the drivers behind them. Common examples for social initiatives are regional operating foundations and school projects. Societal drivers such as re-establishing local roots and serving as a model for society as well as economic motives such as strengthening customer retention and capturing sponsors' interest were identified. The comprehensive climate protection initiatives such as photovoltaic plants and environmental management systems in German stadiums might be unique in European professional sport. The main reasons are political factors such as a favourable legislative framework for renewable energies and the Green Goal programmes for the Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cups in 2006 (men) and 2011 (women) in Germany. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor and Francis.

Crack initiation under thermal fatigue: An overview of CEA experience. Part I: Thermal fatigue appears to be more damaging than uniaxial isothermal fatigue

International audienceFor nuclear reactor components, uniaxial isothermal fatigue curves are used to estimate the crack initiation under thermal fatigue. However, such approach would be not sufficient in some cases where cracking was observed. To investigate differences between uniaxial and thermal fatigue damage, tests have been carried out using the thermal fatigue devices SPLASH and FAT3D: a bi-dimensional (2D) loading condition is obtained in SPLASH and crack initiation is defined as the first 150-μm surface cracks, whereas a tri-dimensional (3D) loading condition is obtained in FAT3D and crack initiation refers to the first 2-mm surface crack. All the analysed tests clearly show that for identical levels of strain, the number of cycles required to achieve crack initiation is significantly lower in thermal fatigue than in uniaxial isothermal fatigue. The enhanced damaging effect probably results from a pure mechanical origin: a nearly perfect biaxial state corresponds to an increased hydrostatic stress. In that frame, a Part II accompanying paper will be dedicated to investigate accurately on multiaxial effect, and to improve thus estimation of crack initiation under thermal fatigue

Crack initiation under thermal fatigue: An overview of CEA experience: Part II (of II): Application of various criteria to biaxial thermal fatigue tests and a first proposal to improve the estimation of the thermal fatigue damage

International audienceA Part I accompanying paper clearly showed that for a given level of strain range (Δvar epsilon), the number of cycles required to achieve crack initiation is significantly lower in biaxial thermal fatigue than in uniaxial isothermal fatigue. Such discrepancy does not come from a thermal effect, as it is emphasized by a comparison between the uniaxial data, coming either from thermomechanical fatigue tests, or from isothermal low cycle fatigue tests. A detrimental effect of multiaxial loading on fatigue life is noticed in many cases as reported in the literature. In this frame, the goal of this paper is to propose criteria in order to take into account the reduction of fatigue life resulting from the multiaxiality. Among all the examined multiaxial criteria, a criterion based on strain proposed by Zamrik, and a new criterion based on energy proposed by “Ecole Polytechnique” give the best estimations. Furthermore, application of the Zamrik's criterion using the RCC–MR method is very promising for the design engineer. Indeed, these two criteria exhibit a notable potential, since they are well adapted to all the available thermal fatigue experimental data, despite significant differences between approaches and processes developed by both accessible facilities. However, such investigation must be continued with achievement of additional thermal fatigue tests (for higher number of cycles...), and isothermal biaxial fatigue tests