Military and school personnel psychological states amidst the Pandemic: A Kruskal-Wallis comparative analysis

Purpose – This study aims to determine the Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Military and School Personnel.Method - Quantitative descriptive-comparative research design was used.  There are 147 respondents participated in this study.Result - Compassion Satisfaction levels of Military-Enlisted and Teaching Personnel were Average, while for the Military-Officer and Non-Teaching School Personnel were High; Burnout for the Military-Enlisted and Teaching Personnel were both Average, while the Military-Officer and Non-Teaching School Personnel were both low; and the Secondary Traumatic Stress was Low for the Military-Officer and Average to other three groups of respondents. Significant differences manifested after employing the parametric test MANOVA and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis.  Post Hoc test was employed in order to identify the specific significant differences.Implication – The researchers have identified significant pattern and trends that contribute to the understanding of comparison, personnel who are less often directly exposed to the clients have better Psychological States descriptively.Originality - This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the areas of Compassion, Burnout and Stress   experienced by militaries and educators in the conduct of their respective public services.***Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Kepuasan Belas Kasih, Burnout, dan Stres Trauma Sekunder di antara Personel Militer dan Sekolah, serta untuk membandingkan kondisi-kondisi psikologis tersebut.Metode - Desain penelitian deskriptif-komparatif kuantitatif digunakan.   Ada 147 responden yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.Hasil - Tingkat Kepuasan Belas Kasih pada Tamtama Militer dan Tenaga Pengajar tergolong sedang, sedangkan pada Perwira Militer dan Tenaga Kependidikan tergolong tinggi; Burnout pada Tamtama Militer dan Tenaga Pengajar tergolong sedang, sedangkan pada Perwira Militer dan Tenaga Kependidikan tergolong rendah; dan Stres Traumatis Sekunder tergolong rendah pada Tamtama Militer dan tergolong sedang pada tiga kelompok responden lainnya.  Perbedaan yang signifikan terlihat setelah menggunakan uji parametrik MANOVA dan non parametrik Kruskal-Wallis.  Uji Post Hoc digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan signifikan yang spesifik,Implikasi - Para peneliti telah mengidentifikasi pola dan tren signifikan yang berkontribusi pada pemahaman perbandingan, personel yang lebih jarang terpapar langsung dengan klien memiliki kondisi psikologis yang lebih baik secara deskriptif.Orisinalitas - Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengetahuan yang sudah ada di bidang Welas Asih, Kelelahan dan Stres yang dialami oleh militer dan pendidik dalam melaksanakan layanan publik masing-masing

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

Biopolymers as potential carrier for effervescent reaction based drug delivery system in gastrointestinal condition

Biopolymers are naturally occurring materials formed in nature during the life cycles of organisms. Biopolymers include the polysaccharides, carbohydrates and protein such as cellulose, starch, wool, silk, gelatine and collagen. In recent years, biopolymer-based hydrogels become important area of research in pharmaceutical aspects because of their promising properties in drug delivery system. These properties include low toxicity, biodegradability, stability and renewable nature. Numerous studies have been carried out in order to develop carrier from biopolymers with better controlled release properties. This is important to ensure precisely desired concentration of drug or essential nutrient absorption into the blood or tissue could be achieved. Among other different approaches, floating system is one of the most convenient, economical, and effective drug delivery system. Floating delivery system could potentially achieve longer retention time of carrier with capsulated bioactive drug or functional nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. The floating behaviour of carrier could be induced by effervescent reactions. Effervescent reaction occurs between acidic gastric content and pore forming agent such as carbonates or bicarbonates salts incorporated into the carrier. This chapter discusses some of the use of biopolymers in drug delivery systems for effervescent reaction in gastrointestinal tract