NOTAS E RESENHAS

A GEOGRAFIA COMO (DISCIPLINA) PONTE ENTRE AS CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS E SOCIAIS - Akin L. MABOGUNGE A DIMENSÃO AGRARIA NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (1980) -  USO DA MÉDIA ARITMÉTICA COMO INSTRUMENTO DE TRABALHO - Ivo Lauro MULLER FILHO APLICAÇÃO DOS MODELOS DE WEAWER E TROMAS AO FENOMENO INDUSTRIAL - O EXEMPLO DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - Lúcia Helena de Oliveira GERARDI ESPAÇO, LUGAR E REGIÃO: RUMO A UMA GEOGRAFIA REGIONAL TRANSFORMADA - D. I. SCARGILL CONTRIBUIÇÕES A METODOLOGIA E À HISTÓRIA DA GEOGRAFIA - Antônio CHRISTOFOLETTI GEOGRAFIA FtSICA E MEIO AMBIENTE - Antônio CHRISTOFOLETTI CONTRIBUIÇÕES À TEMÀTICA GEOMORFOLOGlCA - Antônio CHRISTOFOLETTI AS POLlTICAS DE LOCALIZAÇÃO - Silvana Maria PINTAUDI GEOGRAFIA DA AMÉRICA POS-INDUSTRIAL - Lígia Celória POLTRONIÉRI ANALISE DE DADOS CATEGORIZADOS - Maria Lucia Lorenzetti WODEWOTZKI O ESPAÇO DA CIDADE: CONTRIBUIÇÃO À ANÁLISE URBANA - Aldo PAVIANI PRINCÍPIOS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO - Gilberto José GARCIA A CHINA RURAL CONTEMPORÂNEA - Lúcia Helena de Oliveira GERARDI PROGRAMAÇÃO DE COMPUTADORES PARA GEÓGRAFOS - Lúcia Helena de Oliveira GERARDI &nbsp

Analytical methods applied to diverse types of Brazilian propolis

Propolis is a bee product, composed mainly of plant resins and beeswax, therefore its chemical composition varies due to the geographic and plant origins of these resins, as well as the species of bee. Brazil is an important supplier of propolis on the world market and, although green colored propolis from the southeast is the most known and studied, several other types of propolis from Apis mellifera and native stingless bees (also called cerumen) can be found. Propolis is usually consumed as an extract, so the type of solvent and extractive procedures employed further affect its composition. Methods used for the extraction; analysis the percentage of resins, wax and insoluble material in crude propolis; determination of phenolic, flavonoid, amino acid and heavy metal contents are reviewed herein. Different chromatographic methods applied to the separation, identification and quantification of Brazilian propolis components and their relative strengths are discussed; as well as direct insertion mass spectrometry fingerprinting

Application of molecular sieves in the fractionation of lemongrass oil from high-pressure carbon dioxide extraction

The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of simultaneous process of high-pressure extraction and fractionation of lemongrass essential oil using molecular sieves. For this purpose, a high-pressure laboratory-scale extraction unit coupled with a column with four different stationary phases for fractionation: ZSM5 zeolite, MCM-41 mesoporous material, alumina and silica was employed. Additionally, the effect of carbon dioxide extraction variables on the global yield and chemical composition of the essential oil was also studied in a temperature range of 293 to 313 K and a pressure range of 100 to 200 bar. The volatile organic compounds of the extracts were identified by a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS). The results indicated that the extraction process variables and the stationary phase exerted an effect on both the extraction yield and the chemical composition of the extracts