Microanalysis of NY/NJ Harbor Sediments using Synchrotron X-Ray Beams

Sediments found in the New York/New Jersey Harbor are widely contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds of anthropogenic origin. As a result, the environmental health of the Harbor has deteriorated and the efficient operation of the Port compromised by difficulties in disposing of sediments resulting from maintenance and improvements of navigational channels. Knowledge of the properties of the sediments on a micro-scale is useful in understanding the transport of contaminants through the environment, for developing effective methods for sediment decontamination, and for subsequent beneficial use of the cleaned sediments. We have investigated several properties of these sediments using synchrotron radiation techniques. These include computed microtomography using absorption and fluorescence contrast mechanisms, x-ray microscopy, microbeam x-ray fluorescence, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for measurements of microstructure, distribution of metals on individual sediment particles, and chemical forms of the contaminants on a micrometer scale. Typical results obtained with these techniques are presented

Patent activities in non-R&D-intensive technology areas

Intellectual property protection via patenting can be regarded as an indispensable means to stay competitive at the national and international levels, also in non-R&D-intensive technology areas. As patents can be used as output indicators of innovation, we aim to shed light on the technological output of non-R&D-intensive sectors with the help of in-depth patent analyses. In addition to investigating the absolute numbers and shares of patent filings compared with the high-technology areas, we examine the positioning of non-R&D-intensive sectors within the innovation chain and assess their internationalisation trends within Germany over the last decade. The results of our analyses, which are based on the “EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database” (PATSTAT), show that the non-R&D-intensive technology areas are an integral part of the development of research and technology within the world economy. Patents from the non-R&D-intensive areas constitute approximately 40 % of worldwide transnational filings, although the size and importance of the non-R&D-intensive technology areas is highly dependent on national idiosyncrasies and industrial structures. The internationalisation trends reveal that the non-R&D-intensive technology areas are even more strongly targeted toward international markets than high-level technologies, although technologies from non-R&D-intensive are largely positioned at the end of the innovation chain, providing rather downstream or market-oriented inventions