Evidence for the existence of new processes at energies above 2 times 10 11 eV

Cosmic ray flux measurements using calorimeter

A simple quantum cosmology

A simple and surprisingly realistic model of the origin of the universe can be developed using the Friedmann equation from general relativity, elementary quantum mechanics, and the experimental values of h, c, G and the proton mass. The model assumes there are N space dimensions (with N > 6) and the potential constraining the radius r of the invisible N -3 compact dimensions varies as r^4. In this model, the universe has zero total energy and is created from nothing. There is no initial singularity. If space-time is eleven dimensional, as required by M theory, the scalar field corresponding to the size of the compact dimensions inflates the universe by about 26 orders of magnitude (60 e-folds). If the Hubble constant is 65 km/sec Mpc, the energy density of the scalar field after inflation results in Omega-sub-Lambda = 0.68, in agreement with recent astrophysical observations.Comment: To be published in General Relativity and Gravitation, August 200

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Melalui Pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning (CTL) Pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN Santigi

Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar IPA pada siswa SDN Santigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Santigi mata pelajaran IPA melalui pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning (CTL). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus yang terdiri atas perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa dengan pendekatan Contekstual Teaching learning (CTL) pelajaran IPA kelas IV SDN Santigi, mengalami peningkatan dari siklus pertama kesiklus berikutnya. Hasil penelitian pada siklus I menunjukkan perolehan nilai ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 75% terdiri dari 28 siswa. Banyaknya siswa yang tuntas belajar yakni 21 orang dengan persentase daya serap klasikal 75,36% dengan demikian indikator keberhasilan belum tercapai. Penelitian dilanjutkan pada siklus II, menunjukkan perolehan ketuntasan belajar klasikal mencapai 92,86% dan daya serap klasikal 86,07%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Santigi tahun pelajaran 2014-2015 pada materi struktur tumbuhan dan fungsinya pada mata pelajaran IPA

Perbandingan Nilai Agregasi Trombosit Pada Pasien Hipertensi Yang Diberi Aspirin Dan Tidak Diberi Aspirin Di Rsup. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

: Thrombocyte hyperaggregation occurs in hypertensive patients. Thrombocyte accumulates and thrombi formation caused by hyperaggregation are important factors in pathogenesis of cardiovaskular and cerebrovascular disease. Around 50 million people consume aspirin everyday to treat or to prevent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. The use of aspirin known can increase bleeding risk especially when trauma occurs or intraoperative, but inhypertensive patients50 or over 50 years old, the benefit of aspirin can be greater then the bleeding risk it carries. Method: This study used comparative study, which compared thrombocyte aggregation value in hypertensive patients with aspirin and without aspirin. The tools that used for thrombocyte aggregation examination is an aggregometer and the data analysis is done by using SPSS software. Result: The difference value of thrombocyte aggregation in hypertensive patients with aspirin and without aspirin used T 2 independent samples test gave significant for ADP 10 µM and 5 µM(p <0.05), respectively 0.001 and 0.01. Conclusion: There is a difference between thrombocyte aggregation value in hypertensive patients with aspirin and without aspirin. Mean value ofthrombocyte aggregation in hypertensive patients with aspirin is lower than hypertensive patients without aspirin

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

I briefly review our current understanding of dark matter and dark energy. The first part of this paper focusses on issues pertaining to dark matter including observational evidence for its existence, current constraints and the `abundance of substructure' and `cuspy core' issues which arise in CDM. I also briefly describe MOND. The second part of this review focusses on dark energy. In this part I discuss the significance of the cosmological constant problem which leads to a predicted value of the cosmological constant which is almost $10^{123}$ times larger than the observed value \la/8\pi G \simeq 10^{-47}GeV$^4$. Setting \la to this small value ensures that the acceleration of the universe is a fairly recent phenomenon giving rise to the `cosmic coincidence' conundrum according to which we live during a special epoch when the density in matter and \la are almost equal. Anthropic arguments are briefly discussed but more emphasis is placed upon dynamical dark energy models in which the equation of state is time dependent. These include Quintessence, Braneworld models, Chaplygin gas and Phantom energy. Model independent methods to determine the cosmic equation of state and the Statefinder diagnostic are also discussed. The Statefinder has the attractive property \atridot/a H^3 = 1 for LCDM, which is helpful for differentiating between LCDM and rival dark energy models. The review ends with a brief discussion of the fate of the universe in dark energy models.Comment: 40 pages, 11 figures, Lectures presented at the Second Aegean Summer School on the Early Universe, Syros, Greece, September 2003, New References added Final version to appear in the Proceeding

Overcoming Drug Resistance and Treating Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Most of the prostate cancers (PCa) in advanced stage will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Within CRPC group, 50-70% of the patients will develop bone metastasis in axial and other regions of the skeleton. Once PCa cells spread to the bone, currently, no treatment regimens are available to eradicate the metastasis, and cancer- related death becomes inevitable. In 2012, it is estimated that there will be 28,170 PCa deaths in the United States. Thus, PCa bone metastasis-associated clinical complications and treatment resistance pose major clinical challenges. In this review, we will present recent findings on the molecular and cellular pathways that are responsible for bone metastasis of PCa. We will address several novel mechanisms with a focus on the role of bone and bone marrow microenvironment in promoting PCa metastasis, and will further discuss why prostate cancer cells preferentially metastasize to the bone. Additionally, we will discuss novel roles of several key pathways, including angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling in bone marrow and stem cell niches with their relationship to PCa bone metastasis and poor treatment response. We will evaluate how various chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapies may allow aggressive PCa cells to gain advantageous mutations leading to increased survival and rendering the cancer cells to become resistant to treatment. The novel concept relating several key survival and invasion signaling pathways to stem cell niches and treatment resistance will be reviewed. Lastly, we will provide an update of several recently developed novel drug candidates that target metastatic cancer microenvironments or niches, and discuss the advantages and significance provided by such therapeutic approaches in pursuit of overcoming drug resistance and treating advanced PCa

Classical and quantum dynamics of confined test particles in brane gravity

A model is constructed for the confinement of test particles moving on a brane. Within the classical framework of this theory, confining a test particle to the brane eliminates the effects of extra dimensions, rendering them undetectable. However, in the quantized version of the theory, the effects of the gauge fields and extrinsic curvature are pronounced and this might provide a hint for detecting them. As a consequence of confinement the mass of the test particle is shown to be quantized. The condition of stability against small perturbations along extra dimensions is also studied and its relation to dark matter is discussed.Comment: 15 pages, no figures, extended, references adde

Nonequilibrium candidate Monte Carlo: A new tool for efficient equilibrium simulation

Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation is a powerful tool for studying the equilibrium properties of matter. In complex condensed-phase systems, however, it is difficult to design Monte Carlo moves with high acceptance probabilities that also rapidly sample uncorrelated configurations. Here, we introduce a new class of moves based on nonequilibrium dynamics: candidate configurations are generated through a finite-time process in which a system is actively driven out of equilibrium, and accepted with criteria that preserve the equilibrium distribution. The acceptance rule is similar to the Metropolis acceptance probability, but related to the nonequilibrium work rather than the instantaneous energy difference. Our method is applicable to sampling from both a single thermodynamic state or a mixture of thermodynamic states, and allows both coordinates and thermodynamic parameters to be driven in nonequilibrium proposals. While generating finite-time switching trajectories incurs an additional cost, driving some degrees of freedom while allowing others to evolve naturally can lead to large enhancements in acceptance probabilities, greatly reducing structural correlation times. Using nonequilibrium driven processes vastly expands the repertoire of useful Monte Carlo proposals in simulations of dense solvated systems

Bulk Scale Factor at Very Early Universe

In this paper we propose a higher dimensional Cosmology based on FRW model and brane-world scenario. We consider the warp factor in the brane-world scenario as a scale factor in 5-dimensional generalized FRW metric, which is called as bulk scale factor, and obtain the evolution of it with space-like and time-like extra dimensions. It is then showed that, additional space-like dimensions can produce exponentially bulk scale factor under repulsive strong gravitational force in the empty universe at a very early stage.Comment: 7 pages, October 201