2,726 research outputs found

    A short note on spin pumping theory with Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation under quantum fluctuation; necessity for quantization of localized spin

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    We would like to point out the blind spots of the approach combining the spin pumping theory proposed by Tserkovnyak et al. with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation; this method has been widely used for interpreting vast experimental results. The essence of the spin pumping effect is the quantum fluctuation. Thus, localized spin degrees of freedom should be quantized, i.e. be treated as magnons not as classical variables. Consequently, the precessing ferromagnet can be regarded as a magnon battery. This point of view will be useful for further progress of spintronics.Comment: 10pages, 1 figure. This article is closely related to the work by K. N.; arXiv:1201.194

    Application of semidefinite programming to maximize the spectral gap produced by node removal

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    The smallest positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian of a network is called the spectral gap and characterizes various dynamics on networks. We propose mathematical programming methods to maximize the spectral gap of a given network by removing a fixed number of nodes. We formulate relaxed versions of the original problem using semidefinite programming and apply them to example networks.Comment: 1 figure. Short paper presented in CompleNet, Berlin, March 13-15 (2013

    Avaliação de testes estatísticos em dados de Q-PCR.

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    A Q-PCR (Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) é uma técnica que permite quantificar de forma precisa, especifica e indireta a quantidade de RNA mensageiro presente em uma determinada amostra. A Q-PCR apresenta vantagens metodológicas para a quantificação do RNA mensageiro quando comparada às técnicas de Northern Blot e Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, facilitando estudos de expressão gênica diferenciada. No entanto, experimentos de Q-PCR freqüentemente apresentam limitações amostrais (6= N =12) e são analisados por testes estatísticos tradicionais (paramétricos) sem a devida verificação da condição de normalidade da variável resposta e de homogeneidade das variâncias dos grupos experimentais, exigidas nesses testes. O presente trabalho avaliou quatro testes estatísticos de comparação de médias e/ou medianas, entre os grupos controle(C) e tratado (T), com objetivo de propor o teste mais adequado para estudar expressão gênica com dados de Q-PCR. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste ? São Carlos, Brasil, utilizando 10 bezerros Nelore (Bos indicus), divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de cinco animais: grupo tratado (T) infestado artificialmente com carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e grupo controle (C) livre de infestação. Os dados foram submetidos a quatro diferentes testes estatísticos, sendo o primeiro paramétrico (ANOVA com teste t) e os demais não-paramétricos (teste de mediana, boot strap, e Rest.). Quando o gene referência (gene de expressão constitutiva) apresentou pequena variação entre os tratamentos (0,6 = P = 1) os testes estatísticos, com exceção do teste de mediana, apresentaram valores de probabilidade confiáveis e semelhantes. Porém, quando o gene referência apresentou variação entre os tratamentos (P = 0,6) todos os testes apresentaram resultados distintos, e o teste Rest©, não-paramétrico, de comparações das médias e com ajustes para eficiência de amplificação do primer e valores de probabilidade do gene referência, foi o mais adequado para analisar dados de Q-PCR

    Quantificação de mRNA de genes relacionados a resposta imune em abomaso de bovinos infectados com endoparasitos Haemonchus spp.

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    No sudeste brasileiro os endoparasitos que causam maiores perdas na produção de bovinos são do gênero Haemonchus spp e Cooperia spp. Esses são responsáveis por uma série de alterações tanto na imunidade inata quanto adquirida do hospedeiro. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a diferença na abundância de RNA mensageiro de genes relacionados à resposta imune no abomaso de bovinos submetidos a 1ª infecção com Haemonchus spp. Foi obtido RNA total de dois grupos de cinco bezerros da raça Nelore, um grupo desafio infectado com Haemonchus spp e um grupo controle, sem infecção. A quantificação dos genes foi feita pela técnica de transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR), utilizando o gene constitutivo RPL-19, como controle e SYBR Green, como corante. Os resultados Obtidos foram analisados pelo programa computacional REST (Relative Expression Software Tool). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) de abundância de mRNA para os genes de interleucinas (IL-2, IL-8 e IL-13), lisozima, proteína de atração de monócitos (MCP-1) e pepsinogênio entre os grupos tratamento e controle analisados. Pode-se concluir que para o tecido analisado, assim como para o tempo de infecção e número de indivíduos por grupo não houve alteração na abundância de transcritos destes genes relacionados à resposta imune

    Early-type Galaxies at z ~ 1.3. II. Masses and Ages of Early-type Galaxies in Different Environments and Their Dependence on Stellar Population Model Assumptions

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    We have derived masses and ages for 79 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in different environments at z ~ 1.3 in the Lynx supercluster and in the GOODS/CDF-S field using multi-wavelength (0.6-4.5 μm; KPNO, Palomar, Keck, Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer) data sets. At this redshift the contribution of the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) phase is important for ETGs, and the mass and age estimates depend on the choice of the stellar population model used in the spectral energy distribution fits. We describe in detail the differences among model predictions for a large range of galaxy ages, showing the dependence of these differences on age. Current models still yield large uncertainties. While recent models from Maraston and Charlot & Bruzual offer better modeling of the TP-AGB phase with respect to less recent Bruzual & Charlot models, their predictions do not often match. The modeling of this TP-AGB phase has a significant impact on the derived parameters for galaxies observed at high redshift. Some of our results do not depend on the choice of the model: for all models, the most massive galaxies are the oldest ones, independent of the environment. When using the Maraston and Charlot & Bruzual models, the mass distribution is similar in the clusters and in the groups, whereas in our field sample there is a deficit of massive (M ≳ 10^(11) M_☉) ETGs. According to those last models, ETGs belonging to the cluster environment host on average older stars with respect to group and field populations. This difference is less significant than the age difference in galaxies of different masses

    Mixed perturbative expansion: the validity of a model for the cascading

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    A new type of perturbative expansion is built in order to give a rigorous derivation and to clarify the range of validity of some commonly used model equations. This model describes the evolution of the modulation of two short and localized pulses, fundamental and second harmonic, propagating together in a bulk uniaxial crystal with non-vanishing second order susceptibility χ(2)\chi^(2) and interacting through the nonlinear effect known as ``cascading'' in nonlinear optics. The perturbative method mixes a multi-scale expansion with a power series expansion of the susceptibility, and must be carefully adapted to the physical situation. It allows the determination of the physical conditions under which the model is valid: the order of magnitude of the walk-off, phase-mismatch,and anisotropy must have determined values.Comment: arxiv version is already officia

    Diagonal-unitary 2-designs and their implementations by quantum circuits

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    We study efficient generations of random diagonal-unitary matrices, an ensemble of unitary matrices diagonal in a given basis with randomly distributed phases for their eigenvalues. Despite the simple algebraic structure, they cannot be achieved by quantum circuits composed of a few-qubit diagonal gates. We introduce diagonal-unitary tt-designs and present two quantum circuits that implement diagonal-unitary 22-designs with the computational basis in NN-qubit systems. One is composed of single-qubit diagonal gates and controlled-phase gates with randomized phases, which achieves an exact diagonal-unitary 22-design after applying the gates on all pairs of qubits. The number of required gates is N(N1)/2N(N-1)/2. If the controlled-Z gates are used instead of the controlled-phase gates, the circuit cannot achieve an exact 22-design, but achieves an ϵ\epsilon-approximate 22-design by applying gates on randomly selected pairs of qubits. Due to the random choice of pairs, the circuit obtains extra randomness and the required number of gates is at most O(N2(N+log1/ϵ))O(N^2(N+\log1/\epsilon)). We also provide an application of the circuits, a protocol of generating an exact 22-design of random states by combining the circuits with a simple classical procedure requiring O(N)O(N) random classical bits.Comment: Revised, 22 pages + Appendix, 3 figures; major revision from v2; presentation is improved in v4; v5 is a published versio
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