Considerations on bubble fragmentation models

n this paper we describe the restrictions that the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the size of particles resulting from the rupture of a drop or bubble must satisfy. Using conservation of volume, we show that when a particle of diameter, D0, breaks into exactly two fragments of sizes D and D2 = (D30−D3)1/3 respectively, the resulting p.d.f., f(D; D0), must satisfy a symmetry relation given by D22 f(D; D0) = D2 f(D2; D0), which does not depend on the nature of the underlying fragmentation process. In general, for an arbitrary number of resulting particles, m(D0), we determine that the daughter p.d.f. should satisfy the conservation of volume condition given by m(D0) ∫0D0 (D/D0)3 f(D; D0) dD = 1. A detailed analysis of some contemporary fragmentation models shows that they may not exhibit the required conservation of volume condition if they are not adequately formulated. Furthermore, we also analyse several models proposed in the literature for the breakup frequency of drops or bubbles based on different principles, g(ϵ, D0). Although, most of the models are formulated in terms of the particle size D0 and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ϵ, and apparently provide different results, we show here that they are nearly identical when expressed in dimensionless form in terms of the Weber number, g*(Wet) = g(ϵ, D0) D2/30 ϵ−1/3, with Wet ~ ρ ϵ2/3 D05/3/σ, where ρ is the density of the continuous phase and σ the surface tension

Cascade Simulations for the LHC Betatron Cleaning Insertion

A cascade calculation is done in the IR7 betatron cleaning insertion of LHC. It uses a detailed map of the primary losses and an accurate model of the straight section. One aim is to design a compact shielding which fits in the tight section of the tunnel. The same study allows to define radiation hardness properties of the equipment to be installed in the section and to locate areas of low activi ty for the installation of sensitive equipment

Fast Ramping Superconducting Magnet Design Issues for Future Injector Upgrades at CERN

An upgrade of the LHC injection chain, and especially the sequence of PS and SPS, up to an extraction energy of 1 TeV, is one of the steps considered to improve the performance of the whole accelerator complex. The magnets for this upgrade require central magnetic field from 2 T (for a PS upgrade) to 4.5 T (for an SPS upgrade), for which superconducting magnets are a candidate. Due to the fast field sweep rate of the magnets (from about 1.5 T/s to 2.5 T/s), internal heating from eddy and persistent current effects (AC loss) must be minimized. In this paper we discuss a rationale for the design and optimization of fast ramped superconducting accelerator magnets, specifically aimed at the LHC injectors. We introduce a design parameter, the product of bore field and field ramp-rate, providing a measure of the magnet performance, and we apply it to choose the design range for a technology demonstration magnet. We finally discuss the dependence of key design parameters on the bore field and the bore diameter, to provide an approximate scaling and guidelines for critical R&D

Bubble size distribution resulting from the breakup of an air cavity injected into a turbulent water jet

We investigated experimentally the shape of the final size PDF(D) resulting from the breakup of an air bubble injected into the fully developed region of a high Reynolds number turbulent water jet. It is shown that the PDF(Dcirc) of the normalized bubble size Dcirc=D/D32, where D32 is the Sauter mean diameter of the distribution, has a universal single shape independent of the value of the turbulent kinetic energy of the water jet at the bubble injection point and of the air void fraction, α. The shape of the exponential tails characterizing each PDF(D) is shown to be only a function of the initial bubble size D0 and the critical bubble size Dc, defined as Dc=(1.46σ/ρ)3/5ɛ-2/5, where ɛ is the value of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass at the air injection point

Modelo de argumentación técnica para el dictamen de patología de la edificación

In the field of construction, a technical pathology report is a document where a technical expert in this discipline makes known their technical opinion thereon to a layman who has no real understanding or to another expert with less knowledge. In order for the addressee to trust the technician’s opinion, it’s necessary to appreciate internal consistency and plausibility in the report, among other things. Scientific and technical knowledge, presupposed in the author is not enough because the best technical argumentation can not properly transmit its content. Therefore, it’s possible and necessary to introduce argument criteria, supplementary to purely technical ones, in order to improve transparency and comprehensibility in the report. For this reason, we are presenting a technical argumentation model, developed from others logic argument models, especially Toulmin’s one. It was exposed in 1979 and has been applied in very different fields, but not, unless we know, in building pathology.En el campo de la construcción, un dictamen de patología es un documento en el que un técnico experto en esta disciplina traslada su opinión técnica a un profano o a otro menos experto que él. Para que el destinatario confíe en la opinión del técnico, ha de apreciar coherencia interna y verosimilitud en el dictamen, entre otras cosas. Los conocimientos científicos y técnicos que se le presuponen al autor del dictamen no son suficientes, porque la mejor argumentación técnica puede no transmitir adecuadamente su contenido. Así, es posible y deseable utilizar criterios lógicos de argumentación complementarios a los puramente técnicos, para potenciar la transparencia y comprensibilidad del dictamen, para lo que presentamos un modelo de argumentación técnica desarrollado a partir de otros modelos de argumentación lógica, especialmente del expuesto por Stephen Toulmin en 1979, que se ha aplicado a diferentes campos, pero no, que sepamos, al de patología en edificación

The Compact Linear e+^+e−^- Collider (CLIC): Accelerator and Detector

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear e$^+$e$^-$ collider under development by international collaborations hosted by CERN. This document provides an overview of the design, technology, and implementation aspects of the CLIC accelerator and the detector. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, for a site length ranging between 11 km and 50 km. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which normal-conducting high-gradient 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments, and system tests have resulted in significant progress in recent years. Moreover, this has led to an increased energy efficiency and reduced power consumption of around 170 MW for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate of approximately 6 billion CHF. The detector concept, which matches the physics performance requirements and the CLIC experimental conditions, has been refined using improved software tools for simulation and reconstruction. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start as early as 2026 and first beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a physics programme spanning 25-30 years and providing excellent sensitivity to Beyond Standard Model physics, through direct searches and via a broad set of precision measurements of Standard Model processes, particularly in the Higgs and top-quark sectors.Comment: Input to the European Particle Physics Strategy Update on behalf of the CLIC and CLICdp Collaboration

Interest in a Mobile App for Two-Way Risk Communication: A Survey Study Among European Healthcare Professionals and Patients

INTRODUCTION: Previously, an app has been developed for healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patients to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to national medicines agencies and to receive drug safety information. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess (1) European HCPs' and patients' interest in an app for this two-way risk communication; (2) their preferences and perceptions towards specific app characteristics; and (3) which HCPs and patients are particularly interested in the app. In addition, these aspects were studied specifically for the countries where such an app was already available, i.e. Croatia, The Netherlands, and The UK. METHODS: European HCPs and patients were asked to complete a web-based survey developed in the context of the Web-Recognizing Adverse Drug Reactions (Web-RADR) project. Data on app interest and preferences and perceptions towards app characteristics were analysed descriptively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of HCP characteristics and patient characteristics on the level of interest in the app (i.e. very interested vs. not/somewhat interested). RESULTS: In total, 399 HCPs and 656 patients completed the survey. About half of the patients (48%; ranging from 38% from The Netherlands to 54% from The UK), and 61% of the HCPs (ranging from 42% from The Netherlands to 54% from The UK) were very interested in the app. A faster means of reporting ADRs and easier access to the reporting form were the main perceived benefits. HCPs and patients who already use a health app were particularly interested in the app (HCPs: odds ratio [OR] 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96-6.30, patients: OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.19-2.27). CONCLUSIONS: An app is positively perceived by HCPs and patients for reporting ADRs quickly and for receiving drug safety information from national medicines agencies. In particular, HCPs and patients who already use other health apps were interested in the app

Degradación de contaminantes orgánicos en efluentes mediante fotocatálisis con una suspensión comercial de nano-TiO2

La presencia de determinados contaminantes to´xicos, persistentes y bioacumulables en las aguas asi´ como de otros emergentes cuyos efectos no son todavi´a bien conocidos, pueden limitar el uso de la misma, siendo necesario un tratamiento posterior que adecue la calidad de la misma para su uso. Actualmente se estudia la eliminacio´n de estos contaminantes orga´nicos persistentes mediante procesos de oxidacio´n avanzada, entre los que destaca la fotocata´lisis heteroge´nea. El dio´xido de titanio (TiO2) es el semiconductor ma´s indicado para usar en el tratamiento fotocatali´tico del agua debido a su baja toxicidad, resistencia a la fotocorrosio´n, disponibilidad, efectividad y relativo bajo coste

Modelo matemático del comportamiento mecánico en flexión del cartón-yeso

The article proposes a mathematical model which predicts the bearing load capacity of gypsum plasterboard sheets in bending tests, based on the geometric dimensions and the mechanical properties of the constituent materials. Thus obtained values are compared with those proposed by various European and American Standards for the minimum bearing load capacity as well as with experimental laboratory measurements. In both cases the results obtained reached an excellent level of agreement.Se presenta un modelo matemático que predice la carga de rotura de las placas de cartón-yeso en ensayos a flexotracción, a partir del conocimiento de sus dimensiones geométricas y de las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales componentes. Los valores así obtenidos se comparan con los que proponen diversas normas europeas y americanas para la carga de rotura mínima, así como con medidas experimentales en laboratorio, obteniéndose en ambos casos un acuerdo excelente

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors