Italian Society of Cardiology-Italian Society of Nephrology Consensus Document: The cardio-renal interaction in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases - Part I: From cardiovascular risk factors to the mechanisms of cardio-renal damage

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular (CV) disease are highly prevalent conditions in the general population and are strictly connected to each other with a bidirectional interaction. In patients affected by CKD, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality is represented by CV disease, since CKD promotes the atherosclerotic process increasing inflammation, and modifying lipid and bone mineral metabolism. On the other side, a strict relationship exists between CKD and CV risk factors, which are prevalent in nephropathic patients and impose a stringent assessment of the risk of CV events in this population together with an optimized pharmacological approach, complicated by the coexistence of the two pathological conditions. The first part of this consensus document focuses on the mechanisms of cardio-renal damage and on the impact, as well as the management, of the main CV risk factors in the context of CKD

Italian Society of Cardiology-Italian Society of Nephrology Consensus Document: The cardio-renal interaction in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases - Part II: From preventive strategies to treatment of patients with cardio-renal damage

Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease are strictly connected each other with a bidirectional interaction. Thus, the prevention of cardio-renal damage, as its appropriate treatment, are essential steps for a correct management of long-term patients' prognosis. Several preventive and therapeutic strategies, pharmacological and not, are now available for cardio-renal damage prevention and treatment, and for the management of its complications. The second part of this consensus document focuses on the management and treatment of cardio-renal damage, directing the attention on the correct use of drugs that may slow renal disease progression, on the application of preventive strategies in case of invasive cardiac procedures with the use of contrast agents, and on the accurate use of cardiological drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease