Excess reserves and the new challenges for monetary policy

Interest on reserves allows the Federal Reserve to pursue an appropriate monetary policy even with a high level of excess reserves. However, a banking system flush with excess reserves can raise the risk of monetary policy getting behind the curve.Inflation (Finance) ; Monetary policy

Federal Power Commission Resolves Conflict between Priorty and Preference in Favor of Private Power Producers

Federal Power Commission Resolves Conflict Between Priorty and Preference in Favor of Private Power Producer

Rivera v. NIBCO:A Tentative Limitation of the Supreme Court\u27s Decision inHoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB

In 2002, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB. This landmark decision seemingly eliminated any chance illegal immigrant employees had to obtain awards of backpay after being discharged in violation of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). More importantly, however, the decision sent a message to the country that illegal entry into the United States was a violation that was to be taken more seriously by the courts than grossly unfair employment practices. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently handed down a decision in Rivera v. NIBCO, Inc. which could potentially alleviate the negative implications Hoffman had for illegal alien workers. Rivera gives new hope to illegal immigrants seeking backpay remedies, distinguishing itself from the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Hoffman. This Note seeks to examine the history behind Hoffman and the effect of Rivera upon that decision Part II examines the cases that the Supreme Court primarily relied upon to support its Hoffman decision, while Part III briefly discusses the Hoffman decision itself. Parts IV and V examine the reactions of the academic community, federal agencies, and the courts to Hoffman. Part VI summarizes the most relevant parts of the Rivera decision and Part VII discusses some of its possible impacts

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)

New York Times Co. v. Sulliva

Rivera v. NIBCO:A Tentative Limitation of the Supreme Court\u27s Decision inHoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB

In 2002, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB. This landmark decision seemingly eliminated any chance illegal immigrant employees had to obtain awards of backpay after being discharged in violation of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). More importantly, however, the decision sent a message to the country that illegal entry into the United States was a violation that was to be taken more seriously by the courts than grossly unfair employment practices. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently handed down a decision in Rivera v. NIBCO, Inc. which could potentially alleviate the negative implications Hoffman had for illegal alien workers. Rivera gives new hope to illegal immigrants seeking backpay remedies, distinguishing itself from the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Hoffman. This Note seeks to examine the history behind Hoffman and the effect of Rivera upon that decision Part II examines the cases that the Supreme Court primarily relied upon to support its Hoffman decision, while Part III briefly discusses the Hoffman decision itself. Parts IV and V examine the reactions of the academic community, federal agencies, and the courts to Hoffman. Part VI summarizes the most relevant parts of the Rivera decision and Part VII discusses some of its possible impacts

Making Room: Why Inclusionary Zoning Is Permissible under Washington\u27s Tax Preemption Statute and Takings Framework

Inclusionary zoning ordinances, which typically require developers to set aside a percentage of new residential units for low and moderate income households, are a popular mechanism for ensuring the development of affordable housing in many communities. Washington State jurisdictions have been slow to introduce inclusionary zoning—particularly mandatory set-asides—perhaps because of the legal battles they would face. The Washington State Supreme Court previously relied on RCW 82.02.020 (the “tax preemption statute”) to invalidate a low-income housing ordinance in San Telmo Associates v. City of Seattle and in R/L Associates, Inc. v. City of Seattle. Washington courts have also relied on a unique and complex takings analysis to invalidate low-income housing and manufactured housing laws on grounds that they constituted a “taking” of private property or a violation of substantive due process under the U.S. Constitution, or in some cases, under the Washington State Constitution. This Comment argues that inclusionary zoning is authorized by RCW 36.70A.540,3 the Affordable Housing Incentive Programs Act, which expressly amended the tax preemption statute and permits both voluntary and mandatory inclusionary zoning programs. This Comment explores the differences between the federal and Washington takings analyses and argues that the Washington State Supreme Court should abandon its unique tests in favor of the federal approach as articulated in Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. Finally, this Comment explains why mandatory set-asides are constitutional under both federal and Washington takings law

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)

New York Times Co. v. Sulliva

A helium-3 refrigerator employing capillary confinement of liquid cryogen

A condensation refrigerator suitable for operation in a zero gravity space environment was constructed. The condensed liquid refrigerant is confined by surface tension inside a porous metal matrix. Helium-4 and helium-3 gases were condensed and held in a copper matrix. Evaporative cooling of confined liquid helium-4 resulted in a temperature of 1.4K. Using a zeolite adsorption pump external to the cryostat, a temperature of 0.6 K was achieved through evaporative cooling of liquid helium-3. The amount of time required for complete evaporation of a controlled mass of liquid helium-4 contained in the copper matrix was measured as a function of the applied background power. For heating powers below 18 mW the measured times are consistent with the normal boiling of the confined volume of liquid refrigerant. At background powers above 18 mW the rapid rise in the temperature of the copper matrix the signature of the absence of confined liquid occurs in a time a factor of two shorter than that expected on the basis of an extrapolation of the low power data