On the Spatial Distribution of Hard X-Rays from Solar Flare Loops

The aim of this paper is to investigate the spatial structure of the impulsive phase hard X-ray emission from solar flares. This work is motivated by the YOHKOH and the forthcoming HESSI observations. Summarizing past results, it is shown that the transport effects can account for the observations by inhomogeneous loops where there is a strong field convergence and/or density enhancement at the top of the flaring loop. Scattering by plasma turbulence at the acceleration site or pancake type pitch angle distribution of the accelerated electrons can also give rise to enhanced emission at the loop tops. These could be a natural consequence of acceleration by plasma waves. This paper considers a general case of stochastic scattering and acceleration that leads to an isotropic pitch angle distribution and an enhanced emission from the loop tops or the acceleration site. Following the formalism developed in earlier papers the strength and the spectrum of the radiation expected from the acceleration site and the foot points are evaluated and their dependence on the parameters describing the acceleration process and the flare plasma are determined. The theoretical ratio of these two intensities and relative values of their spectral indices are compared with the YOHKOH observations, demonstrating that the above mentioned parameters can be constrained with such observations. It is shown that future high spatial and spectral resolution observations, for example those expected from HESSI, can begin to distinguish between different models and constrain their parameters.Comment: 37 pages with 20 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ http://www.astronomy.stanford.ed

Evidence From HETE-2 For GRB Evolution With Redshift

After taking into account threshold effects, we find that the isotropic-equivalent energies E_iso and luminosities L_iso of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are correlated with redshift at the 5% and 0.9% signficance levels, respectively. Our results are based on 10 BeppoSAX GRBs and 11 HETE-2 GRBs with known redshifts. Our results suggest that the isotropic-equivalent energies and luminosities of GRBs increase with redshift. They strengthen earlier clues to this effect from analyses of the BATSE catalog of GRBs, using the variability of burst time histories as an estimator of burst luminosities (and therefore redshifts), and from an analysis of BeppoSAX bursts only. If the isotropic-equivalent energies and luminosities of GRBs really do increase with redshift, it suggests that GRB jets at high redshifts may be narrower and thus the cores of GRB progenitor stars at high redshifts may be rotating more rapidly. It also suggests that GRBs at very high redshifts may be more luminous -- and therefore easier to detect -- than has been thought, which would make GRBs a more powerful probe of cosmology and the early universe than has been thought.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in proc. 2003 GRB Conference, Santa Fe, N

Effect of Defoliation Interval on Regrowth of Leaves and Roots, and Tiller Number of Cocksfoot Plants

The key to defoliation management for optimal production and persistence of pasture lies in the use of a physiological basis for defoliation interval (specific to plant type), as opposed to a regime based on time or the height of herbage. The full expansion of a particular number of leaves/tiller is a useful plant-related indicator of optimal defoliation timing. Leaf regrowth stage (\u27leaf stage\u27) reflects the stage of plant recovery from defoliation as regards plant energy levels (Fulkerson & Donaghy, 2001). The level of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves in grass tiller bases influences the rate of regrowth after defoliation, affecting the rate of shoot growth, root growth and tillering. This study was aimed to determine the influence of leaf stage based defoliation interval on regrowth of leaves and root, and on tiller number of \u27Kara\u27 cocksfoot plants up to 24 days after defoliation

The Nutritional Value of Cocksfoot (\u3ci\u3eDactylis glomerata L.) and Perennial Ryegrass (\u3ci\u3eLolium perenne L.\u3c/i\u3e) Under Leaf-Stage Based Defoliation Management

The perception that cocksfoot is of lower nutritional value and less productive than perennial ryegrass is largely the result of studies in which management was based on perennial ryegrass (to the detriment of cocksfoot) or involved defoliation of both species at the same time (Greenhalgh & Reid, 1969; Johnson & Thomson, 1996). Maintaining plants in a vegetative state through species-specific management is essential to retain the high quality and productivity of cocksfoot. Defoliation at or before 4-5 fully expanded live leaves per tiller is recommended as the ideal physiological regrowth stage for defoliation of cocksfoot, resulting in metabolisable energy (ME) levels in excess of 11MJ/kg dry matter (DM) (Rawnsley et al., 2002). The aim of the current study was to provide an objective comparison of the nutritional value of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass grown in dryland conditions under a management regime based on the physiological status of each grass species

Observation and implications of the Epeak - Eiso correlation in Gamma-Ray Bursts

The availability of a few dozen GRB redshifts now allows studies of the intrinsic properties of these high energy transients. Amati et al. recently discovered a correlation between Epeak, the intrinsic peak energy of the $\nu f \nu$ spectrum, and Eiso, the isotropic equivalent energy radiated by the source. Lamb et al. have shown that HETE-2 data confirm and extend this correlation. We discuss here one of the consequences of this correlation: the existence of a 'spectral standard candle', which can be used to construct a simple redshift indicator for GRBs.Comment: Proceedings of the GRB 2003 Conference in SantaFe, 5 pages, 4 figure

Clinical features of double infection with tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis transmitted by tick bite

Background: In Latvia and other endemic regions, a single tick bite has the potential to transmit both tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme borreliosis. Objective: To analyse both the clinical features and differential diagnosis of combined tick-borne infection with TBE and Lyme borreliosis, in 51 patients with serological evidence, of whom 69% had tick bites. Results: Biphasic fever suggestive of TBE occurred in 55% of the patients. Meningitis occurred in 92%, with painful radicular symptoms in 39%. Muscle weakness occurred in 41%; in 29% the flaccid paralysis was compatible with TBE. Only two patients presented with the bulbar palsy typical of TBE. Typical Lyme borreliosis facial palsy occurred in three patients. Typical TBE oculomotor disturbances occurred in two. Other features typical of Lyme borreliosis detected in our patients were distal peripheral neuropathy (n = 4), arthralgia (n = 9), local erythema 1-12 days after tick bite (n = 7) and erythema chronicum migrans (n = 1). Echocardiogram abnormalities occurred in 15. Conclusions: Patients with double infection with TBE and Lyme borreliosis fell into three main clinical groups: febrile illness, 3 (6%); meningitis, 15 (30%); central or peripheral neurological deficit (meningoencephalitis, meningomyelitis, meningoradiculitis and polyradiculoneuritis), 33 (65%). Systemic features pointing to Lyme borreliosis were found in 25 patients (49%); immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies to borreliosis were present in 18 of them. The clinical occurrence of both Lyme borreliosis and TBE vary after exposure to tick bite, and the neurological manifestations of each disorder vary widely, with considerable overlap. This observational study provides no evidence that co-infection produces unusual manifestations due to unpredicted interaction between the two diseases. Patients with tick exposure presenting with acute neurological symptoms in areas endemic for both Lyme borreliosis and TBE should be investigated for both conditions. The threshold for simultaneous treatment of both conditions should be low, given the possibility of co-occurrence and the difficulty in ascribing individual neurological manifestations to one condition or the other.Peer reviewe

Will current rotational grazing management recommendations suit future intensive pastoral systems?

This review aimed to determine whether current grazing management practices will suit future intensive rotationally grazed pastoral systems. A review of literature on grazing management recommendations found that there was good agreement on the ‘principles’ required for optimal grazing management. While these management practices have stood the test of time, it is concluded that shifts in external pressures (e.g., climate, plant selection and breeding, system intensification) compared to the period when farm-level grazing recommendations were first developed, may necessitate a rethink of current grazing recommendations. Examples include greater pasture masses (e.g., around 4000 kg dry matter (DM)/ha vs. the recommended range of 2600 to 3200 kg DM/ha) where short-rotation (annual, biennial) and tetraploid ryegrasses are sown, provided a consistent post-grazing residual can be maintained (possibly between 40- and 70- mm height). Milder winters and the use of ryegrass cultivars with higher growth rates in late winter/early spring may necessitate either lower target pasture covers at calving or shorter rotation lengths during winter. Longer grazing rotations (well beyond the 3-leaf stage, i.e., equivalent to deferred grazing) can be recommended for select paddocks from mid-spring into summer, to increase seasonal resilience across the farm. Longer residuals (even up to 70 mm - i.e., almost double the recommended height) might improve plant survival during periods of high stress (e.g., heatwaves, droughts). Lastly, diverse species pastures may require specific management to suit dominant species other than perennial ryegrass

Fibre Laser Nitriding of Titanium and its Alloy in Open Atmosphere for Orthopaedic Implant Applications: Investigations on Surface Quality, Microstructure and Tribological Properties

Laser nitriding is known to be an effective method to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of titanium and its alloys. However, the process requires a gas chamber and this greatly limits the practicability for treating orthopaedic implants which involve complex-shaped parts or curved surfaces, such as the tapered surface in a femoral stemor the ball-shaped surface in a femoral head. To tackle this problem, a direct laser nitriding process in open atmosphere was performed on commercially pure titanium (grade 2, TiG2) and Ti6Al4V alloy (grade 5, TiG5) using a continuous-wave (CW) fibre laser. The effects of varying process parameters, for instance laser power and nitrogen pressure on the surface quality, namely discolouration were quantified using ImageJ analysis. The optimised process parameters to produce the gold-coloured nitride surfaces were also identified: 40W(laser power), 25mm/s (scanning speed), 1.5mm(standoff distance) and 5 bar (N2 pressure). Particularly, N2 pressure at 5 barwas found to be the threshold above which significant discolouration will occur. The surface morphology, composition, microstructure, micro-hardness, and tribological properties, particularly hydrodynamic size distribution of wear debris, were carefully characterized and compared. The experimental results showed that TiG2 and TiG5 reacted differently with the laser radiation at 1.06 μm wavelength in laser nitriding as evidenced by substantial differences in the microstructure, and surface colour and morphology. Furthermore, both friction andwear properties were strongly affected by the hardness and microstructure of titaniumsamples and direct laser nitriding led to substantial improvements in their wear resistant properties. Between the two types of titanium samples, bare TiG2 showed higher friction forces and wear rates, but this trend was reversed after laser nitriding treatments