Tolerance of soybeans and grain sorghum to tetrafluoron residues

The residues of some preemergence herbicides used for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can present problems for alternate crops if cotton stands are not satisfactory and recommended planting dates for cotton have passed. The selection of an alternate crop to cotton may be dependent on the herbicides initially applied for preemergence weed control. Fluometuron [1,l-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluorom- tolyl)urea] is a widely used cotton herbicide which has been shown to cause injury to alternative crops. Tetrafluoron (3-tetrafluoroethyoxyphenyl-N,N-dimethyl urea) is an experimental substituted urea herbicide which compares favorably with fluometuron as a preemergence cotton herbicide. The objectives of this 1975 study were (1) to determine the tolerance of soybeans [Glycine Max (L.) Merr.] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] to tetrafluoron residues when grown as alternate crops to cotton, (2) to compare the effect of tetrafluoron on these alternative crops with that of fluometuron. The soil types selected for this study were a Statler loan at Knoxville, Tennessee, and a Grenada silt loam at Milan, Tennessee. The five main treatments consisted of tetrafluoron applied at the rate of 3.4 kg/ha broadcast, 1.7 kg/ha broadcast, 1.7 kg/ha on a treated area basis restricted to a 36 cm band, fluometuron applied at the rate of 1.7 kg/ha broadcast and a nontreated check. At Knoxville, a sprayer calibration error resulted in a 40 percent increase in the amount of tetrafluoron applied to the banded area, therefore the band treatment was applied at 2.4 kg/ha. Each main treatment was divided into three subplots consisting of three, six, and nine week intervals from date of application to planting. The 1.7 kg/ha tetrafluoron and fluometuron broadcast treatments did not cause significant injury or yield reduction to grain sorghum at any planting date at Knoxville, but a six week waiting period was required before soybeans could be grown successfully following either treatment. The 3.4 kg/ha broadcast and 2.4 kg/ha band tetrafluoron treat-ments required a waiting period of at least six and nine weeks before grain sorghum and soybeans, respectively, could be grown without injury or yield reduction. At Milan, the 1.7 kg/ha tetrafluoron band application did not cause a significant reduction in either soybean or grain sorghum growth. The area treated with 1.7 kg/ha fluometuron broadcast required a six week waiting period before soybeans could be grown without injury, but only a three week period before grain sorghum could be grown successfully. After nine weeks the 1.7 kg/ha and 3.4 kg/ha tetrafluoron broadcast treated areas significantly reduced soybean response, while a six week waiting period was required before a grain sorghum could be grown successfully on these treated areas. Soybeans grew more successfully on an area broadcast with fluometuron than on an area broadcast with tetrafluoron at Milan. At both locations grain sorghum was more tolerant to both tetrafluoron and fluometuron than were soybeans. Results from oat bioassays indicated that both tetrafluoron and fluometuron residues remained primarily in the top 20 cm of the soil profile, but areas treated with 3.4 kg/ha tetrafluoron had detectable residue at all depths. Herbicide concentrations throughout the soil profile dissipated with time. The organic matter content of the soil and the water solubility of the herbicides are probably responsible for the differences seen between the two locations

David L. Dickie to Mr. Meredith (10 October 1962)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_pro/2108/thumbnail.jp

The effect of regional citrate anti-coagulation on the coagulation system in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury - An observational cohort study

BACKGROUND: Regional anticoagulation with citrate is the recommended first line treatment for patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). There is wide variability in filter patency which may be due to differences in patient characteristics and local practice. It is also possible that citrate has effects on primary and secondary haemostasis, fibrinolysis and platelet function that are still unknown. The primary aim of the study is to describe the effect of citrate on coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways in both the patient and the haemodialysis circuit. METHODS: The study will recruit 12 adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit, requiring CRRT with regional citrate anticoagulation for acute kidney injury. Patients with pre-existing thrombotic or bleeding tendencies will be excluded. Thrombin generation, clot lysis and platelet function will be measured at baseline and at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after commencing CRRT (from the patient and from the circuit). We will describe the evolution of parameters over time as well as the differences in parameters between the patient and the circuit. DISCUSSION: The study will provide new data on the effects of citrate during continuous renal replacement therapy which is not currently available. We will minimise confounding factors through the use of tight exclusion criteria and accept that this will slow down recruitment. Depending on the results, we hope to incorporate the findings into existing clinical guidelines and clinical practice with the aim to prevent premature filter clotting and interruptions in treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov on 10th June 2015 (NCT02486614)

Carbon Nanotube Bonding Strength Enhancement Using Metal "Wicking" Process

Carbon nanotubes grown from a surface typically have poor bonding strength at the interface. A process has been developed for adding a metal coat to the surface of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) through a wicking process, which could lead to an enhanced bonding strength at the interface. This process involves merging CNTs with indium as a bump-bonding enhancement. Classical capillary theory would not normally allow materials that do not wet carbon or graphite to be drawn into the spacings by capillary action because the contact angle is greater than 90 degrees. However, capillary action can be induced through JPL's ability to fabricate oriented CNT bundles to desired spacings, and through the use of deposition techniques and temperature to control the size and mobility of the liquid metal streams and associated reservoirs. A reflow and plasma cleaning process has also been developed and demonstrated to remove indium oxide, and to obtain smooth coatings on the CNT bundles

Bump Bonding Using Metal-Coated Carbon Nanotubes

Bump bonding hybridization techniques use arrays of indium bumps to electrically and mechanically join two chips together. Surface-tension issues limit bump sizes to roughly as wide as they are high. Pitches are limited to 50 microns with bumps only 8-14 microns high on each wafer. A new process uses oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a metal (indium) in a wicking process using capillary actions to increase the aspect ratio and pitch density of the connections for bump bonding hybridizations. It merges the properties of the CNTs and the metal bumps, providing enhanced material performance parameters. By merging the bumps with narrow and long CNTs oriented in the vertical direction, higher aspect ratios can be obtained if the metal can be made to wick. Possible aspect ratios increase from 1:1 to 20:1 for most applications, and to 100:1 for some applications. Possible pitch density increases of a factor of 10 are possible. Standard capillary theory would not normally allow indium or most other metals to be drawn into the oriented CNTs, because they are non-wetting. However, capillary action can be induced through the ability to fabricate oriented CNT bundles to desired spacings, and the use of deposition techniques and temperature to control the size and mobility of the liquid metal streams and associated reservoirs. This hybridization of two technologies (indium bumps and CNTs) may also provide for some additional benefits such as improved thermal management and possible current density increases

Do nutrient-based front-of-pack labelling schemes support or undermine food-based dietary guideline recommendations? Lessons from the Australian Health Star Rating System

Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) promote healthy dietary patterns. Nutrient-based Front-of-Pack Labelling (NBFOPL) schemes rate the \u27healthiness\u27 of individual foods. This study aimed to investigate whether the Australian Health Star Rating (HSR) system aligns with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs). The Mintel Global New Products Database was searched for every new food product displaying a HSR entering the Australian marketplace from 27 June 2014 (HSR system endorsement) until 30 June 2017. Foods were categorised as either a five food group (FFG) food or \u27discretionary\u27 food in accordance with ADG recommendations. Ten percent (1269/12,108) of new food products displayed a HSR, of which 57% were FFG foods. The median number of \u27health\u27 stars displayed on discretionary foods (2.5; range: 0.5-5) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than FFG foods (4.0; range: 0.5-5), although a high frequency of anomalies and overlap in the number of stars across the two food categories was observed, with 56.7% of discretionary foods displaying ≥2.5 stars. The HSR system is undermining the ADG recommendations through facilitating the marketing of discretionary foods. Adjusting the HSR\u27s algorithm might correct certain technical flaws. However, supporting the ADGs requires reform of the HSR\u27s design to demarcate the food source (FFG versus discretionary food) of a nutrient

Renewing Criminalized and Hegemonic Cultural Landscapes

The Mafia's long historical pedigree in Mezzogiorno, Southern Italy, has empowered the Mafioso as a notorious, uncontested, and hegemonic figure. The counter-cultural resistance against the mafiosi culture began to be institutionalized in the early 1990s. Today, Libera Terra is the largest civil society organization in the country that uses the lands confiscated from the Mafia as a space of cultural repertoire to realize its ideals. Deploying labor force through volunteer participation, producing biological fruits and vegetables, and providing information to the students on the fields are the principal cultural practices of this struggle. The confiscated lands make the Italian experience of anti-Mafia resistance a unique example by connecting the land with the ideals of cultural change. The sociocultural resistance of Libera Terra conveys a political message through these practices and utters that the Mafia is not invincible. This study draws the complex panorama of the Mafia and anti-Mafia movement that uses the ‘confiscated lands’ as cultural and public spaces for resistance and socio-cultural change. In doing so, this article sheds new light on the relationship between rural criminology and crime prevention policies in Southern Italy by demonstrating how community development practice of Libera Terra changes the meaning of landscape through iconographic symbolism and ethnographic performance