A novel, two-step synthesis of 4-pyridone-3-carboxamides from 2-cyano-4-pyrones

Reactions of 2-cyano-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyrone, 2-cyano-4-pyrone, and 2-cyano-6-methyl-4-pyrone with aliphatic and aromatic amines in ethanol at -20 C for 2-21 days gave 5-amino-3-oxopent-4-enamides in 28-78% yields, which were cyclized with DMF-DMA in toluene under ambient conditions to afford 4-pyridone-3-carboxamides in 31-70% yields. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Emotive-expressive potential of phraseology of linguistic identity: Vladimir Putin

Deals with the linguistic identity of the politician on the material of statements of V.V. Putin. The politician's discourse is studied based on the interpretative analysis of phraseolog

Deep wells in monitoring of geological and geodynamic processes

© SGEM2015. The authors conducted monitoring studies using core and geophysical data on a number of deep wells that penetrated the crystalline basement in the eastern portion of the Russian Plate. Information on the deep structure of the Earth's interior was mainly obtained through geophysical studies that provided data for the construction of various structural depth models. Explicit data obtained through the study of core material from deep and ultra-deep wells can be of great importance. The new methods of studying the deep horizons of the Earth's crust can give more information about the geological and geodynamic processes in zones that were previously thought to be geodynamically stable. The character of geodynamic processes can be analysed through the creation of deep geo-observatories based on deep and ultra-deep wells. Results showed that the crystalline basement undergoes extensive geodynamic and hydrothermal changes mainly within specific mobile zones of the Earth's deep crust

RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF COPD EXACERBATIONS

The review of literature on the problem of diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is presented and the main radiological techniques of COPD exacerbation are reviewed in the article. Diagnostic possibilities of screen-film radiography, functional low-dose digital fluorography (LDDR), high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), inspiration-expiration HRCT, ventilation-perfusion pulmoscintigraphy and magnetic resonance tomography in patients with COPD exacerbation were described. The advantages of functional LDDR in patients with COPD exacerbation were shown

Radiological diagnosis of copd exacerbations

Review of the literature in problems of diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation and the main radiological techniques of COPD exacerbation were presented. Diagnostic possibilities of screen-film radiography, functional low-dose digital fluorography (LDDR), high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), inspiration-expiration HRCT, ventilation-perfusion pulmoscintigraphy and magnetic resonance tomography in patients with COPD exacerbation were described. The advantages offunctional LDDR in patients with COPD exacerbation were shown

COMPLEX ESTIMATION OF BRONCHOPULMONARY SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

One of the important problems with patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma is lung injury, caused both by a tumor effect and the influence of chemoradiotherapy. Before the treatment an obstructive lung function pattern connected with tumor substrate has been revealed in 38% of cases. After chemoradiotherapy the restrictive lung pattern was shown in 14% of the patients and mixed lung pattern was seen in 12% of the cases, which were caused by the development of pneumosclerosis and emphysema

Catalytic Synthesis of Acetonitrile by Ammonolysis of Acetic Acid

The influence of principal parameters (reagent ratio, reaction temperature, temperature gradients along a catalyst layer) on the yield of the desired product was studied in the reaction of acetonitrile synthesis from acetic acid over γ-alumina. Thus, the increase in ammonia:acetic acid ratio leads to the increase in acetonitrile selectivity and yield. In this work it has been demonstrated that initial temperatures of 360-380 °C are optimum to effectively carry out the process of acetonitrile synthesis. The increase in reaction temperature allows one to increase the yield of acetonitrile, but at elevated temperatures the catalyst carbidization and contamination of the desired product were observed. The additives to the reaction mixture of the substances that decrease the rate of compaction products (CP) formation and participate in the desired product formation are very effective for decreasing the catalyst carbidization. The effect of the composition of a reaction mixture on a catalyst lifetime is considered. The addition of ethyl acetate to acetic acid promotes a greater carbidization as compared to pure acetic acid. The application of a mixture of acetic acid with acetic anhydride at similar acetonitrile yield decreases the catalyst carbidization

Предшествующее назначение антибактериальных препаратов — фактор, способствующий развитию нозокомиальной пневмонии и ухудшающий прогноз

The objective of this investigation was to analyse previous antibiotic treatment before nosocomial pneumonia onset and the etiology of nosocomial pneumonias in 70 adult patients admitted to the Novosibirsk Regional Hospital between January 1993 and June 1997.The results showed that previous antibiotic administration took place in 87.1% of cases and was more frequent (p<0.05) in patients with fatal outcome. Gram-negative pathogènes, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were the prevalent etiological agents. Gram-negative microorganisms (firstly Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and polymicrobial etiology of nosocomial pneumonias were revealed in the majority of patients received antibiotics before nosocomial pneumonia onset. Stathylococcus aureus as the etiological agent of nosocomial pneumonia was registered more frequently in patients with fatal outcome.Целью работы было изучение частоты предшествующего нозокомиальной пневмонии (НП) назначения антибактериальных препаратов, в том числе у пациентов с летальным исходом, а также анализ характера этой противомикробной терапии и сопоставление ее со спектром возбудителей заболевания у 70 взрослых больных, госпитализированных в областную клиническую больницу г. Новосибирска с января 1993 года по июнь 1997 года.В исследованной группе больных развитию НП в 87,1% случаев предшествовало системное назначение антибиотиков, причем у умерших пациентов факт предшествующего применения антибактериальных препаратов регистрировался достоверно чаще (р<0,05). Показано преобладание среди этиологических агентов НП грамотрицательных бактерий (особенно синегнойной палочки и клебсиеллы) и золотистого стафилококка. В тех случаях, когда до развития НП больной уже получал антибиотики, в подавляющем большинстве в анализируемой группе регистрировалось наличие грамотрицательной микрофлоры (прежде всего синегнойной палочки) и ассоциации микроорганизмов. Золотистый стафилококк чаще высевался у пациентов при летальном исходе НП

Состояние системного и местного иммунитета у больных с поздней астмой

Clinical, functional and immunological examination was performed in 280 bronchial asthma (BA) patients. They were divided into 2 groups: 168 patients with the disease onset later than 40 years old age (the 1st group) and 112 patients with BA onset earlier than 40 years old age (the 2nd group). The immunological examination of the patients revealed a significant decrease in the serum T-lymphocyte general population due to reduction in the T-helpers and prevalently T-suppressors numbers, increased levels of IgE, IL-4, TNF-a and drop in the serum IFN-y level; a tendency to reduction in C3 and C4 and a considerable failure of the bronchopulmonary local defense (IgA, IgG and IFN-y deficiency) tested in bronchoalveolar lavag changes were mainly provided by immunosuppressive effects of co-existing and previous respiratory diseases. Our research established that the strongest blockage of the suppression mechanisms was observed under intricate combinations of BA pathogenic features and respiratory infections. A correlation was shown between the immune disorders and clinical, functional, endoscopic parameters.Проведено клинико-функциональное и иммунологическое обследование 280 больных бронхиальной астмой (БА). Все больные были разделены на 2 группы: 1-я группа (168 больных) с дебютом заболевания после 40 лет, т.е. больные с поздней астмой (ПА), 2-я группа (112 больных) с началом БА до 40 лет. Иммунологическое обследование больных ПА выявило выраженное снижение общей популяции Т-лимфоцитов в сыворотке крови за счет уменьшения как Т-хелперов, так и Т-супрессоров с более значительным снижением последних, повышение содержания IgE, IL-4, TNF-a и снижение IFN-y в сыворотке крови, тенденцию к уменьшению содержания СЗ и С4, а также значительное снижение местной защиты бронхолегочной системы (дефицит IgA, IgG и IFN-y) в бронхоальвеолярном смыве, которые во многом определены иммуносупрессивными свойствами сопутствующих и перенесенных заболеваний респираторной системы. В наших исследованиях установлено, что наиболее выраженная блокада механизмов супрессии наблюдается при сложных сочетаниях механизмов патогенеза БА и присутствии инфекции дыхательных путей. Отмечена корреляционная связь иммунологических изменений с показателями клинического, функционального и эндоскопического исследований