Novel types of anti-ecloud surfaces

In high power RF devices for space, secondary electron emission appears as the main parameter governing the multipactor effect and as well as the e-cloud in large accelerators. Critical experimental activities included development of coatings with low secondary electron emission yield (SEY) for steel (large accelerators) and aluminium (space applications). Coatings with surface roughness of high aspect ratio producing the so-call secondary emission suppression effect appear as the selected strategy. In this work a detailed study of the SEY of these technological coatings and also the experimental deposition methods (PVD and electrochemical) are presented. The coating-design approach selected for new low SEY coatings include rough metals (Ag, Au, Al), rough alloys (NEG), particulated and magnetized surfaces, and also graphene like coatings. It was found that surface roughness also mitigate the SEY deterioration due to aging processes.Comment: 4 pages, contribution to the Joint INFN-CERN-EuCARD-AccNet Workshop on Electron-Cloud Effects: ECLOUD'12; 5-9 Jun 2012, La Biodola, Isola d'Elba, Italy; CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-002, pp.153-15

Integration over the quantum diagonal subgroup and associated Fourier-like algebras

By analogy with the classical construction due to Forrest, Samei and Spronk we associate to every compact quantum group $\mathbb{G}$ a completely contractive Banach algebra $A_\Delta(\mathbb{G})$, which can be viewed as a deformed Fourier algebra of $\mathbb{G}$. To motivate the construction we first analyse in detail the quantum version of the integration over the diagonal subgroup, showing that although the quantum diagonal subgroups in fact never exist, as noted earlier by Kasprzak and So{\l}tan, the corresponding integration represented by a certain idempotent state on $C(\mathbb{G})$ makes sense as long as $\mathbb{G}$ is of Kac type. Finally we analyse as an explicit example the algebras $A_\Delta(O_N^+)$, $N\ge 2$, associated to Wang's free orthogonal groups, and show that they are not operator weakly amenable.Comment: Minor updates; Remark 5.7 has been added; 31 page

The LHC Beam Pipe Waveguide Mode Reflectometer

The waveguide-mode reflectometer for obstacle detection in the LHC beam pipe has been intensively used for more than 18 months. The âﾜAssemblyâ version is based on the synthetic pulse method using a modern vector network analyzer. It has mode selective excitation couplers for the first TE and TM mode and uses a specially developed waveguide mode dispersion compensation algorithm with external software. In addition there is a similar âﾜIn Situâ version of the reflectometer which uses permanently installed microwave couplers at the end of each of the nearly 3 km long LHC arcs. During installation a considerable number of unexpected objects have been found in the beam pipes and subsequently removed. Operational statistics and lessons learned are presented and the overall performance is discussed

Image Currents in Azimuthally Inhomogeneous Metallic Beam Pipes

We consider an ultra-relativistic particle travelling on-axis in an infinitely long cylindrical metallic beam pipe with azimuthally varying conductivity. A semi-analytical solution, obtained by applying approximate boundary conditions, predicts an image current distribution on the pipe walls practically independent of the azimuth, at least in the frequency range relevant for future machines such as the LHC. We discuss numerical simulations and bench measurements which confirm the theoretical predictions. Implications for the beam-induced ohmic losses in the copper coated, welded LHC beam screen are also addressed

The Beam Screen for the LHC Injection Kicker Magnets

The two LHC injection kicker magnet systems must each produce a kick of 1.2 T.m with a flattop duration variable up to 7.86 ìs, and rise and fall times of less than 0.9 ìs and 3 ìs, respectively. Each system is composed of four 5 Ù transmission line kicker magnets with matched terminating resistors and pulse forming networks (PFN). The LHC beam has a high intensity, hence a beam screen is required in the aperture of the magnets This screen consists of a ceramic tube with conducting ?stripes? on the inner wall. The stripes provide a path for the image current of the beam and screen the magnet ferrites against Wake fields. The stripes initially used gave adequately low beam impedance however stripe discharges occured during pulsing of the magnet: hence further development of the beam screen was undertaken. This paper presents options considered to meet the often conflicting needs for low beam impedance, shielding of the ferrite, fast field rise time and good electrical and vacuum behaviour

Experimental Evaluation of the RF Shielding Properties of a Thin Resistive Layer in a Ceramic Chamber

In order to better understand the RF shielding properties of a thin resistive layer inside a ceramic vacuum chamber, an experimental set-up has been installed in the Electron Positron Accumulator (EPA) at CERN. A 500 MeV single bunch of about 7 x 1010 electrons (rms s=1 ns) is extracted into this dedicated beam line at a repetition rate of about 1 Hz. Wideband magnetic field probes are installed on the outer surfaces of a resistively coated ceramic test chamber as well as on a reference non-coated chamber located 2.5 m downstream the line. At the end of the extraction line, the beam passes through a thin Aluminum foil and is absorbed in an external dump. The experimental layout and the first results are presented. A comparison with theoretical expectations as well as possible implications for future machines are also discussed

Raman spectroscopy of human teeth using integrated optical spectrometers

We have designed an arrayed-waveguide grating in silicon oxynitride technology for the detection of Raman signals from tooth enamel in the spectral region between 890 nm and 912 nm. The detected signals for both parallel and cross polarizations are used to distinguish between healthy and carious regions on the tooth surface of extracted human teeth. Our experimental results are in very good agreement with those achieved using conventional Raman spectrometers. Our results represent a step toward the realization of compact, hand-held, integrated spectrometers

Operational experience with the LHC waveguide mode reflectometer

The LHC microwave mode reflectometer (assembly version) reached operational status by the autumn of 2005. It is now routinely used in the LHC tunnel and on the surface to take data on the beam screens of the individual LHC magnets and also groups of magnets with lengths up to 100 meters. The reflectometer operates in the frequency range from about 4 GHz to 10 GHz and employs mode selective launchers. This paper discusses the operational aspects of the system as well as methods for clutter (fake reflection) elimination and procedures for cross-checks in case of a suspected obstacle or other faul

Longitudinal coupled-bunch instability around 1 GHZ at the CERN PS booster

The fast-growing "Ring 4" instability occurring at intensities above 6.5 1012 protons in the top one of the four rings of the CERN PS Booster (PSB) is finally explained by an asymmetry in the 40 vacuum pump manifolds common to all rings. Impedance measurements (by wire method) and numerical calculations show a sharp resonant peak (Q~2000) at 1100 MHz and shunt impedances two times higher for the Ring 4 ports as compared to the other rings. This factor is sufficient to explain that the threshold of the instability falls below the maximum intensity only in Ring 4. A final, but labor-intensive and expensive, cure consists of inserting short-circuiting sleeves into all 160 beam ports. Results of beam and impedance measurements and the planned cure will be presented and discusse