Defining T Cell Tissue Residency in Humans: Implications for HIV Pathogenesis and Vaccine Design.

Purpose of review:This review summarizes recent literature defining tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) and discusses implications for HIV pathogenesis, vaccines, and eradication efforts.Recent findings:Investigations using animal models and human tissues have identified a TRM transcriptional profile and elucidated signals within the tissue microenvironment leading to TRM development and maintenance. TRM are major contributors to host response in infectious diseases and cancer; in addition, TRM contribute to pathogenic inflammation in a variety of settings. Although TRM are daunting to study in HIV infection, recent work has helped define their molecular signatures and effector functions and tested strategies for their mobilization. Exclusive reliance on blood sampling to gain an understanding of host immunity overlooks the contribution of TRM, which differ in significant ways from their counterparts in circulation. It is hoped that greater understanding of these cells will lead to novel approaches to prevent and/or eradicate HIV infection

TAXPAYER PREFERENCES FOR USDA EXPENDITURES

Taxpayer Preferences, USDA Budget, Budget Allocation, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q18,

Stripping Down Sexual Scripts: A Sexual Analysis of Female-Authored Novels from Time\u27s 100 Must-Read Books of 2019

Most research on sexual content in the media has focused on visual media such as television and film, often overlooking novels. Likewise, research studies on sexual content have not studied the role of authorship. The pattern of accepted sexual scripts in novels, particularly those written by male authors, and the impact that these scripts have on the reader’s understanding of sexuality and sexual behaviors merits further research. This study analyzed sexual content in eight female-authored literary fiction novels from Time’s “100 Must-Read Novels of 2019.” Results found that fiction novels depict a plethora of sexual behaviors. Across the eight books, there were 642 instances of sexual behaviors, including sexual intercourse (15%), sexual affection (28%), verbal references (46%), and sexual ideation (11%). Of the 99 instances of sexual intercourse, 44% of initiation of intercourse was unknown, 15% was mutually initiated, 23% male-initiated, and 18% female-initiated

Abstinence self-efficacy, mood, and treatment outcomes in emerging adults with substance dependence

This study examined the relationship between abstinence self-efficacy (ASE), depression, psychological distress and treatment outcomes in 18 to 24 year olds with substance dependence. Three hundred and three participants completed questionnaires and interviews at three time points during a 28-day twelve-step based inpatient program, and at 1-month and 3-months post-discharge. ASE was measured with the Alcohol and Drug Use Self-Efficacy scale; psychological distress was assessed with the Brief Symptom Inventory 18; and depression diagnoses were determined from the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. We tested the association between intake ASE, distress, and depression. Random coefficient regression analyses focused on changes in ASE during and after treatment, with distress and depression included as moderators. We used distress and depression to predict post-treatment outcomes using ordinary least squares regression. At intake, individuals with depression and high distress had significantly lower ASE. During treatment, depression and distress did not moderate changes in ASE, although individuals with depression and high distress had consistently lower ASE throughout treatment. Depression and distress did not predict treatment outcomes, in part because of invariability in 1- and 3-month outcomes. Post-treatment, ASE did not change in a consistent manner, and changes for the most part were not moderated by depression or distress. Among the abstinent, changes in post-treatment ASE did depend on distress, in that those with above average distress at end of treatment increased in ASE from end of treatment to the 3-month follow-up. ASE is a potential byproduct of 12-step based treatment, but on the whole does not behave differently for the depressed versus non-depressed

Where was I?: Engagement strategies for students with attention deficit disorders

Throughout my time in the elementary classroom I have been flooded with instances where my cooperating teacher or I, myself, have struggled with students who are inattentive or disruptive during class. This not only makes it difficult for that specific student to learn, but also has the possibility of preventing others from learning. My most memorable experience of teaching students like this has been with a brilliant student who was clinically diagnosed and medicated for the hyperactive subset of attention deficit disorders, more well-known as ADHD. The following thesis is the research and creation of strategies to help teach students with attention deficit disorders like the one I had the privilege of teaching. The end goal is educating myself and other teachers on how best to maintain the engagement of not only students who clinically have an attention disorder, but all students in general. By finding effective strategies to engage the three to seven percent of students with brains that prompt their minds to wander, I will in turn be finding ways to make the classroom more interesting, even for the students who focus more easily

The WOW Factor: Lesbian Representation and Impact in Late-20th Century Theatre

The intent of this thesis is to investigate the influence of 1980\u27s and 1990\u27s lesbian playwrights on modern queer representation in theatre. By analyzing the successful works of troupes and artists born out of the Women\u27s One World (WOW) Café, it became apparent that the greatest changes in lesbian portrayal on stage came from queer and feminist authorship. Additionally, WOW Café became the common denominator in the success of many lesbian playwrights due to the freedom it gave its writers and performers. As an independent theatre, WOW allowed its members to experiment with few rules, and offered a stage to pieces too experimental, feminist, or queer to see commercial Broadway success. Thesis discussion includes analysis of historically homophobic theatre, the techniques and topics conveyed in the work of The Five Lesbian Brothers and Split Britches, and the importance of WOW as a stepping stone for the success of plays like Lisa Kron\u27s Well. Lesbian-centric work is often left out of theatre history in classrooms even today, and by diving deeper into the important history of queer women in drama, the intent of this thesis is to add to the academia in a way that helps future lesbian artists, performers, and students recognize themselves in the narrative

Wonders of Wisconsin: A Study on Insect Macrophotography

This past year I have been honing my skills as an entomologist and as a photographer. My solo exhibition “Wonders of Wisconsin: A Study on Insect Macrophotography” not only presents my personal progress, but also represents an overarching theme of a liberal arts education: connectivity. Everything we see or learn on campus and throughout life is connected. This audience-engaging exhibition has provided a visual for the connections between the fields of science and studio art, the art movements of New Objectivity and Relational Aesthetics, and between human and insect life. The final exhibition opening on May 1st at 5:30pm in the Science Hall Atrium includes two insect display cases, 20 11x14’’ aluminum prints with corresponding postcards, a poster with information regarding all species presented in the display cases, and assorted food items relating to insects and other arthropods (including hand-made chocolate-covered crickets). A blog has been set up for this project, where I have posted some images and talk about my experiences and future plans. At the opening, viewers can take the postcards and discuss how they personally view insects at the provided seating areas. This all provides a context for conversation that can encompass many environmental issues and human-nature interactions

Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850–1930: Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, Mixed Parentage, Hindoos, and the Mexican Race

Between 1850 and 1930, demographic upheaval in the United States was connected to reorganization of the racial order. Socially and politically recognized boundaries between groups shifted, new groups emerged, others disappeared, and notions of who belonged in which category changed. All recognized racial groups—blacks, whites, Indians, Asians, Mexicans and others—were affected. This article investigates how and why census racial classification policies changed during this period, only to stabilize abruptly before World War II. In the context of demographic transformations and their political consequences, we find that census policy in any given year was driven by a combination of scientific, political, and ideological motivations. Based on this analysis, we rethink existing theoretical approaches to censuses and racial classification, arguing that a nation’s census is deeply implicated in and helps to construct its social and political order. Censuses provide the concepts, taxonomy, and substantive information by which a nation understands its component parts as well as the contours of the whole; censuses both create the image and provide the mirror of that image for a nation’s self-reflection. We conclude by outlining the meaning of this period in American history for current and future debates over race and classification.Governmen