5 research outputs found

    Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers

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    A comprehensive account of the causes of alcohol misuse must accommodate individual differences in biology, psychology and environment, and must disentangle cause and effect. Animal models1 can demonstrate the effects of neurotoxic substances; however, they provide limited insight into the psycho-social and higher cognitive factors involved in the initiation of substance use and progression to misuse. One can search for pre-existing risk factors by testing for endophenotypic biomarkers2 in non-using relatives; however, these relatives may have personality or neural resilience factors that protect them from developing dependence3. A longitudinal study has potential to identify predictors of adolescent substance misuse, particularly if it can incorporate a wide range of potential causal factors, both proximal and distal, and their influence on numerous social, psychological and biological mechanisms4. Here we apply machine learning to a wide range of data from a large sample of adolescents (n = 692) to generate models of current and future adolescent alcohol misuse that incorporate brain structure and function, individual personality and cognitive differences, environmental factors (including gestational cigarette and alcohol exposure), life experiences, and candidate genes. These models were accurate and generalized to novel data, and point to life experiences, neurobiological differences and personality as important antecedents of binge drinking. By identifying the vulnerability factors underlying individual differences in alcohol misuse, these models shed light on the aetiology of alcohol misuse and suggest targets for prevention

    Correlation of serum oxytocin concentration and empathy in a sample of 14 year-old adolescents

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    Einleitung Die Pubertät als eine bedeutende Entwicklungsphase des Menschen, ist eine Zeit der Chancen und Risiken zur Prävention und psychischer Erkrankungen. Ein wichtiger protektiver Faktor ist die Einbindung eines Individuums in soziale Strukturen. Das Hormon Oxytocin steht im Verdacht insbesondere prosoziales Verhalten und zwischenmenschliche Bindungen zu fördern und zu erhalten. Soziale Kognitionen dienen der Umsetzung zwischenmenschlicher Interaktionen. Zielstellung und Methodik Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Ausprägung von Empathie, als eine der wichtigen sozialen Kognitionen, bei Jugendlichen sowie die Feststellung eines möglichen Zusammen- hanges dieser mit dem endogenen Oxytocinsystem. Untersucht wurden 75 Berliner Jugendliche im Alter von 14 Jahren mittels eines Empathietestes im Rahmen der IMAGEN-Studie. Der multidimensionale Empathie-Test (MET) stellte dabei das zentrale Testinstrument dar. Es wurden dabei drei Empathie-Qualitäten erhoben: die kognitive Empathie (C), die emotionale Empathie (ED) und das emotionale Arousal (EA). Die Aktivität des endogenen Oxytocinsystems wurde mittels Serumoxytocinkonzentration erfasst. Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Geschlechtsunterschied für die emotionalen Empathie (ED p<0,001; ED+ p=0,003, ED- p<0,001) und dem emotionalen Arousal (EA p=0,007; EA+ p=0,025, EA- p=0,002). Weibliche Probanden weisen in beiden Subgruppen höhere Empathiefähigkeit im Vergleich zu den männlichen Probanden auf. Für die kognitive Komponente (C p=0,384; C+ p=0,212, C- p=0,526) zeigt sich keine Geschlechtsunterschied. Bezüglich der Serumoxytocinkonzentration ließ sich kein Geschlechtsunterschied nachweisen (p=0,542). Mädchen mit Einnahme von oraler Kontrazeption haben signifikant höhere Oxytocinserumwerte als Mädchen und Jungen ohne Medikamenteneinnahme (p<0,001). Der Zusammenhanges zwischen Serumoxytocinkonzentration und Empathieskalen zeigte sich für männliche Probanden eine positive signifikante Korrelation von Serumoxytocinkonzentration und positiver kognitiver Empathie (dem Erkennen positiver Emotionen, C+ r=0,341, p=0,027). Für die weiblichen Probanden konnte ein positiver signifikanter Zusammenhang von Serumoxytocinkonzentration mit positiver emotionaler Empathie (ED+ r=0,524 p=0,004), also dem Maß für das „Mitfühlen“ von positiven Emotionen dokumentiert werden. Schlussfolgerung Die Korrelationsanalyse zur Serumoxytocinkonzentration und Empathie zeigt nicht den erwarteten deutlichen Zusammenhang. Die Anwendung von Serumoxytocin- konzentration als Surrogat-Parameter für die Aktivität des endogenen Oxytocinsystems sollte in Folgeuntersuchungen auf den Prüfstand gestellt werden. Die Überlegenheit der Mädchen hinsichtlich der emotionalen Empathie (ED) und dem emotionalen Arousal (EA) erfüllt bekannte Rollenstereotypen. Der fehlende Geschlechtsunterschied der kognitiven Empathie (C) bestätigt sich in Vergleichsstudien unter Verwendung des MET. Die Vielzahl an Messmethoden der kognitiven Empathie limitiert die Vergleichbarkeit der Studienergebnisse, demnach wäre eine Vereinheitlichung der Empathiedefinition und der dazugehörigen Messmethode hilfreich. Orale Kontrazeption scheint ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor der Serumoxytocinkonzentration zu sein, dieses Phänomen sollte weiter untersucht werden. Limitiert wird die Aussagekraft der Studie durch die geringe Probandenzahl und die eingeschränkte Aussagekraft der Serumoxytocinkonzentration.Introduction Adolescence is a crucial stage in human development with risks and opportunities to trigger or prevent mental health problems. Human affiliation is one of the most important external factors to avoid mental health diseases/problems. Oxytocin as a neurotransmitter and hormon is suspected to faciliate prosocial behavior and bonding. Social cognition and particularly empathy is necessary to develop interpersonal bonding, which is required to encourage or sustain social interactions. Empathy as a multidimensional contruction enables humans to understand the internal state of other individuals and helps them to get in touch with each other. Objectives and outcome measures This thesis aims to clarify how empathy is distributed among adolescents and to analyse, whether there is a potential correlation/coherence between plasma oxytocin level and empathy. The current study was part of a European research project–IMAGEN. Participants were a group of 75 adolescents, aged 14 years and lived in Berlin City. The Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) was used as measuring instrument. The MET enables the detection of different qualities of empathy: cognitive empathy (C), emotional empathy (ED) and emotional arousal (EA). The activity of the endogeneous oxytocin system was investigated via the plasma oxytocin level. Results A significant gender difference for emotional empathy and emotional arousal was documented. Regarding the cognitive empathy (C p=0,384; C+ p=0,212, C- p=0,526) no gender effects was found. Girls showed higher scores for ED (ED<0,001; ED+ p=0,003, ED- p<0,001), e.g. sharing emotions and EA (EA p=0,007; EA+ p=0,025, EA- p=0,002) e.g. being more attached by emotional pictures. Referring to the boys a positive correlation between the plasma oxytocin level and cognitive empathy was documented (C+; r=0,341, p=0,027). Girls with higher oxytocin levels were more attached by positive emotions than girls with lower plasma oxytocin levels (ED+ r=0,524 p=0,004). Additionally girls taking oral contrazeption had higher plasma oxytocin concentrations then girls and boys without medication (p<0,001). Discussion Against expectation few significant correlation of plasma oxytocin level and Empathy were found. The validity of plasma oxytocin level as a fundamental marker of the endogeneous oxytocin system is suggested to be reevaluated. The superiority of girls for emotional empathy is in line with empathy research and most likely influenced by gender stereotypes. Missing sex difference of cognitive Empathy is in line with other investigation using the MET. Limitations of this investigation were the small sample size, the methodical problem of measuring and interpreting plasma oxytocin levels and the missing comparability of studies on empathy or oxytocin research

    Caesarean Section. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/084, June 2020).

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    Purpose This is an official S3-guideline of the German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (ÖGGG) and the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The guideline contains evidence-based information and recommendations on indications, complications, methods and care associated with delivery by caesarean section for all medical specialties involved as well as for pregnant women. Methods This guideline has adapted information and recommendations issued in the NICE Caesarean Birth guideline. This guideline also considers additional issues prioritised by the Cochrane Institute and the Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM). The evaluation of evidence was based on the system developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). A multi-part nominal group process moderated by the AWMF was used to compile this S3-level guideline. Recommendations Recommendations on consultations, indications and the process of performing a caesarean section as well as the care provided to the mother and neonate were drawn up
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