67 research outputs found
Effects of supplementation of limit-fed growing diets with either soybean meal or nonenzymatically browned soybean meal on steer performance
Seventy two individually fed Angus Ă— Hereford
steers (642 lb) were used to evaluate the
effects of supplementing limit-fed, growing diets
with either soybean meal (SBM) or nonenzymatically
browned soybean meal (NSBM).
Eight steers were allotted to a control diet
composed of 39.1% high-moisture corn, 42%
cottonseed hulls, 10.4% ground corn, 5% cane
molasses 2.25% urea, and 1.5% vitamins and
minerals (dry basis). The remaining steers were
allotted to diets that derived 100, 80, 60, or
40% of their supplemental protein from SBM or
60, 45, 30, or 15% of their supplemental protein
from NSBN. The balance of supplemental
protein came from urea. All diets were formulated
to contain 13.0% crude protein (dry
basis). Steers were fed once daily for 80 days
at 2.25% of BW. Average daily gain and
efficiency did not differ (P>.05) between
sources (ADG=1.932 + .103 Ă— (% CP from
SBM) + .097 Ă— (% CP from NSBM);
gain:feed=.140 + .0058 Ă— (% CP from SBM) +
.0051 Ă— (% CP from NSBM)). The lack of
response to NBSBM supplementation above
that for SBM suggests that either degradable
intake protein was limiting in the basal diet or a
large proportion of the amino acids in the
NSBM were unavailable due to overprocessing
Effects of green tea or Sasa quelpaertensis bamboo leaves on plasma and liver lipids, erythrocyte Na efflux, and platelet aggregation in ovariectomized rats
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Sasa quelpaertensis bamboo and green tea on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation, and erythrocyte membrane Na channels in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Thirty female rats were OVX, and ten female rats were sham-operated at the age of 6 weeks. The rats were divided into four groups at the age of 10 weeks and fed the experiment diets: sham-control, OVX-control, OVX-bamboo leaves (10%), or OVX-green tea leaves (10%) for four weeks. Final body weight increased significantly in the OVX groups compared with that in the sham-control, whereas body weight in the OVX-green tea group decreased significantly compared with that in the OVX-control (P < 0.01). High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level decreased in all OVX groups compared with that in the sham-control rats (P < 0.05) but without a difference in plasma total cholesterol. Plasma triglycerides in the OVX-green tea group were significantly lower than those in the sham-control or OVX-control group (P < 0.05). Liver triglycerides increased significantly in the OVX-control compared with those in the sham-control (P < 0.01) but decreased significantly in the OVX-green tea group compared with those in the OVX-control or OVX-bamboo group (P < 0.01). Platelet aggregation in both maximum and initial slope tended to be lower in all OVX rats compared with that in the sham-control rats but was not significantly different. Na-K ATPase tended to increase and Na-K cotransport tended to decrease following ovariectomy. Na-K ATPase decreased significantly in the OVX-green tea group compared with that in the OVX-control group (P < 0.01), and Na-K cotransport increased significantly in the OVX-bamboo and OVX-green tea groups compared with that in the OVX-control (P < 0.05). Femoral bone mineral density tended to be lower in OVX rats than that in the sham-control, whereas the green tea and bamboo leaves groups recovered bone density to some extent. The results show that ovariectomy caused an increase in body weight and liver triglycerides, and that green tea was effective for lowering body weight and triglycerides in OVX rats. Ovariectomy induced an increase in Na efflux via Na-K ATPase and a decrease in Na efflux via Na-K cotransport. Furthermore, consumption of green tea and bamboo leaves affected Na efflux channels, controlling electrolyte and body water balance
Limiting amino acids for growing cattle fed diets based on soybean hulls
Ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were
used in three nitrogen balance experiments to
determine the sequence of limiting amino acids
for growing steers fed soybean hull-based diets.
The steers in all experiments were fed the same
basal diet (73% soybean hulls, 19% alfalfa, DM
basis; formulated to minimize rumen
undegradable intake protein and thus maximize
microbial protein postruminally) and were given
the same intraruminal infusions (400 grams per
day acetate; to increase energy supply without
increasing microbial protein supply). In experiment
1, treatments consisted of abomasal infusions
of: water (control, no amino acids); Lmethionine;
and a mixture of 10 essential amino
acids. Nitrogen retention (a measure of protein
deposition) was greatest for steers receiving the
mixture, and steers receiving methionine alone
had greater nitrogen retention than control
steers. In experiment 2, treatments consisted of
abomasal infusions of the mixture of 10 essential
amino acids or the same mixture without lysine.
Nitrogen retention tended to be greater for the
10 amino acid mixture than for the mixture
without lysine. In experiment 3, threonine,
rather than lysine, was removed from the amino
acid mixture. Nitrogen retention was not affected
by removal of threonine. We conclude
that methionine was the first limiting amino acid,
threonine was not limiting, lysine appeared to be
a limiting amino acid, and one or more untested
amino acids in the mixture appeared to be
second most limiting. Therefore, our data do
not support the generally accepted concept that
the sequence of limiting amino acids for steers is
methionine, lysine, and threonine when microbial
protein is the primary contributor to metabolizable
(postruminal) protein
In vitro degradation of betaine by ruminal microbes
An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate
the degradation of betaine sources by rumen
microbes. Five sources of betaine (anhydrous
betaine, betaine-HCl, feed-grade betaine, lipidcoated
betaine, and concentrated separator byproduct)
were incubated in rumen fluid collected
from steers fed grain- or forage-based diets. In
vitro degradation of betaine was slower with the
high roughage diet than the grain diet. Betaine
from concentrated separator by-product was
degraded most rapidly, but no large differences
occurred among the other four sources. The
disappearance of betaine from lipid-coated
product indicates that it did not resist ruminal
degradation. Although betaine from all sources
was degraded, some still remained after 24
hours of incubation, suggesting that some
betaine may bypass the rumen
Effect of glycine supplementation on sulfur amino acid use in growing cattle
Previous research has suggested the
possibility that the supply of glycine, a
nonessential amino acid, might affect how
efficiently cattle use methionine. This
study was conducted to determine the role
of glycine on methionine utilization in
growing steers as well as how glycine
might impact utilization of cysteine, an
amino acid produced in the body from
methionine. In Exp. 1, treatments were
abomasal infusion of 2 or 5 g/day L-methionine and 0 or 50 g/day glycine in a
factorial arrangement. Efficiency of
methionine use was 27% in the absence of
supplemental glycine, but 66% in its
presence. Glycine supplementation by
itself had little effect on protein deposition. In Exp. 2, treatments were abomasal infusions of 0 or 2.4 g/day L-cysteine and 0 or 40 g/day glycine in a factorial arrangement. Supplementation with
cysteine in the absence of supplemental
glycine did not change nitrogen balance. In
fact, when glycine was supplemented alone, nitrogen retention decreased. However, when glycine and cysteine were supplemented together, nitrogen retention was increased. Thus, in the presence of supplemental glycine, it appears that cysteine can improve protein deposition, presumably by sparing methionine. Comparison of this and earlier studies suggests that B-vitamin status may play an important role in this response
Role of methionine as a methyl group donor in cattle
Holstein steers were used in two 5 Ă— 5 Latin
square experiments to evaluate the sparing of
methionine by alternative sources of methyl
groups (betaine or choline). Steers were
housed in metabolism crates and limit fed a diet
high in rumen degradable protein. To increase
energy supply, volatile fatty acids were infused
into the rumens, and glucose was infused into
the abomasum. An amino acid mixture, limiting
in methionine, was infused abomasally to ensure
that non-sulfur amino acids did not limit protein
synthesis. Treatments for Exp. 1 were
abomasal infusion of 1) water (control), 2) 2
g/day additional L-methionine, 3) 1.7 g/day Lcysteine,
4) 1.6 g/day betaine, and 5) 1.7 g/day
L-cysteine + 1.6 g/day betaine. Treatments for
Exp. 2 were abomasal infusion of 1) water
(control), 2) 2 g/day additional L-methionine, 3)
8 g/day betaine, 4) 16 g/day betaine, and 5) 8
g/day choline. In both experiments, nitrogen
retention increased (P<.05) in response to
methionine, demonstrating a deficiency of sulfur
amino acids. Responses to cysteine, betaine
and choline were small. The low response to
cysteine indicates that either the response to
methionine is not due to transsulfuration to
cysteine, or that cysteine supply does not alter
the flux of methionine through transsulfuration.
The small responses to betaine and choline
suggest that they do not substitute for
methionine. Thus, under our experimental
conditions, responses to methionine likely were
due to a correction of a deficiency of methionine
per se rather than of methyl group donors
Effect of methionine supplementation on methionine metabolism in growing cattle
Methionine is often the first limiting
amino acid for growing cattle. This study
was conducted to determine how methionine metabolism is regulated in the liver of growing steers. Six ruminally cannulated steers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Either 0, 5, or 10 g/day L-methionine was infused into the abomasum. These treatments were designed to be deficient, adequate, and in excess of the steers’ requirements for methionine. Methionine supplementation linearly increased protein deposition and decreased the activity of methionine synthase (a methionine conserving enzyme). However, it had little effect on activity of cystathionine synthase (an enzyme that produces cysteine from methionine). Our results suggest that methionine metabolism and regulation in cattle may vary from that in monogastrics
Response of Holstein steers fed a soybean hull-based diet to amino acid supplementation when the methionine requirement was met
A study was conducted to determine the
response to amino acid supplementation
when the first limiting amino acid
(methionine) was provided in excess. Three
ruminally cannulated Holstein steer calves
(281 lb) were fed 4.8 lb of a soybean hullbased
diet (87% soyhulls and 8% wheat
straw) daily. Methionine is the first limiting
amino acid on diets of this type, and all
steers were abomasally infused with 10
g/day of methionine to ensure that this requirement
was met. Treatments consisted of
increasing amounts (100, 250, or 400 g/day)
of an amino acid mixture supplied
abomasally. Calves received decreasing
amounts of supplemental energy in the form
of volatile fatty acids and dextrose as amino
acid infusion increased in order for treatments
to remain isoenergetic. Nitrogen
balance increased as amino acid supply
increased, indicating that amino acids other
than methionine limited protein deposition.
The nitrogen balance change between the
100 and 250 g/day amino acid treatments
was greater than that from 250 to 400 g/d,
suggesting that 250 g/day supplied amounts
of amino acids near the requirement
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