Yatichiriru Yatichaña Aymara Aru Kamachi = Gramática pedagógica Aimara

Esta gramática, al igual que el manual de escritura (que incluye las orientaciones para el uso del alfabeto), permite a los y las docentes de EIB conocer más su lengua originaria, tener a mano normas de escritura consensuadas y avanzar en la construcción de estilos escritos que se vayan estandarizando por acción de los hablantes de esta lengua originaria. Todo esto es necesario para desarrollar la propuesta pedagógica de educación intercultural bilingüe y promover competencias comunicativas en la lengua originaria. Esta publicación fue elaborada por lingüistas expertos en el estudio de la gramática de esta lengua originaria y docentes bilingües que hablan y escriben competentemente en dicha lengua. Una primera versión acabada de esta gramática fue presentada a sabias y sabios, representantes de organizaciones indígenas, especialistas de educación intercultural bilingüe, para recoger sus sugerencias y observaciones que permitieron realizar la validación del material

Purification of plasma membranes from mouse parotid gland and membrane reorganization in response to isoproterenol

Two highly purified plasma membrane fractions have been obtained from mouse parotid glands by a combination of differential centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation in discontinuous sucrose gradients. The membranes were characterized by enzymic, chemical and morphological criteria. The effect of isoproterenol, which induces parotid acinar cells to proliferate, upon sialic acid and five different enzyme activities located in the plasma membrane phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1), Mg2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1), protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) and sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1), were quantified along the cell cycle. Plasma membrane sialic acid content falls 30% within 30 min and remains depressed for at least 6 h with the major restoration towards normal levels occurring between 12 and 16 h later. In contrast multiple daily isoproterenol injections lead to a more than 2-fold elevation of sialic acid content. Sialyltransferase activity rises 2-fold by 12 h aft

Induction of salivary polypeptides associated with parotid hypertrophy by gallotannins administered topically into the mouse mouth

Isoproterenol-induced salivary polypeptides (IISP), a group of proline-rich proteins synthesized by mouseparotids, have been considered as markers for isoproterenol-induced parotid hypertrophy. Rodents fed diets containinghigh-tannin cereals (sorghum), also develop parotid hypertrophy. To test whether tannins are directly involved inprovoking sialotrophic growth, we studied the effect of intraperitoneal and topical oral administrations of tannic acid (TA)on the induction of IISP polypeptides in endogamic mice (A/Snell). TA was characterized by HPLC chromatography andspectral analysis and shown to be composed solely of gallotannins, a complex family of glucose and gallic acid esters. IISPpolypeptides were monitored in saliva by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis during 36 h after ending TAstimulation. Single daily intraperitoneal administrations of TA for 3 consecutive days (0.033 mg/g bw/day), at variance ofparallel administrations of isoproterenol (0.042 mg/g bw/day) failed to induce IISP polypeptides. However, repeatedtopical applications of TA into the mouse mouths (1.21 mg/g bw divided into three equal doses given at 4-h intervals withina single day) resulted in unequivocal induction of IISP polypeptides. That response was clearly intensified by increasing thestimulation frequency to eight equivalent doses given at 1.5-h intervals within a single day (corresponding to 3.23 mg/gbw) and even further by repeating this protocol for 3 days. Under these productive schemes of stimulations by TA,electrophoretic fractionation of parotid homogenates showed new polypeptide bands migrating in parallel to salivary IISP.These results suggest that topically administered gallotannins are effective inducers of trophic growth in mouse parotids

Changes in the polypeptide composition related to the growth response in chronically isoproterenol-stimulated mouse parotid glands

The administration of isoproterenol induces DNA-synthesis mitosis and growth (increase in size) responses in mouse parotid glands. Both responses were uncoupled by means of daily stimulations with isoproterenol in such a way that the DNA-synthesis mitosis response was observed during the first 4 days only, whereas the growth response was continuous since the first stimulation until about day 12. In parallel to the chronic stimulation by isoproterenol, drastic changes in the polypeptide composition of parotid glands were observed. These modifications, consisting basically of the reduction in content of a couple of major poly peptides (polypeptides A and B) together with the reciprocal massive accumulation of five new polypeptides (polypeptides C, D, E, F and G), were also progressive and continuous along the chronic stimulation by isoproterenol, even after the disappearance of the DNA-synthesis mitosis response. Thus, a relationship between specific changes in the mouse parotid conten

A protein dye-binding assay on cellulose membranes for tear protein quantification: Use of conventional Schirmer strips

PURPOSE: To develop a method to quantify tear protein concentration with the sensitivity to measure this variable in the restricted volumes of single human tear samples. METHODS: Aliquots of tear fluid from healthy subjects and a solution of standard bovine serum albumin (BSA) were spotted on cellulose membranes. Membranes were fixed, stained for protein with Coomassie blue, and washed until they displayed clear backgrounds. Stained spots were excised and eluted in a defined volume of methanol-ammonia, and the absorbance was determined spectrophotometrically at 610 nm. Membranes were calibrated by calculating their apparent thickness from the areas of stained spots and the corresponding aliquot volumes of either tear fluid or BSA solution. RESULTS: In our dye-binding assay, absorbance (0-1.00 OD) was found to have a linear relation with tear fluid volume (1-7 μL). In a study involving samples from 33 healthy subjects, aliquots (3 μL) of tear fluid were found to yield absorbances in th

Use of polyurethane minisponges to collect human tear fluid

Purpose: To characterize a method of tear collection based on the use of amphiphilic polyurethane absorbing minisponges. Methods: Tear fluid was collected from 17 healthy volunteers. A preweighed polyurethane dry minisponge was laid on the margin of the lower eyelid. Once wet (5-10 minutes), the fluid was transferred to a preweighed Eppendorf tube after squeezing the sponge by centrifugation. The amount of fluid absorbed and fluid recovered were determined by reweighing the sponge and the tube after absorption and centrifugation steps, respectively. The fluid was qualitatively characterized by electrophoretic polypeptide profiling in Coomassie blue-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Results: Per eye, 14.6 ± 5.3 μL tear fluid was collected. That volume was about 90% of the fluid absorbed by polyurethane minisponges, almost doubling the fraction recovered from other more hydrophilic absorbing polymers. Major bands characterizing the electrophoretic profile of this fluid were those of 79,

Changes in the content and distribution of sialic acid on the basal surface of isoproterenol-stimulated mouse parotid acinar cells

The presence, distribution and content of sialic acid on the cell surface in collagenase-dispersed acini obtained both from unstimulated as well as from in vivo isoproterenol-stimulated mouse parotid have been studied. To this end, sialic acid residues have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by 1) cytochemical labeling by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), 2) biochemical procedures and 3) isotopic labeling by [3H]WGA (WGA-N-[acetyl-3H]-acetylated). Electron microscopy revealed striking differences in the binding of ferritin-conjugated WGA at the basal, lateral and apical cell surface. Unstimulated acinar cells showed a heavy patch-distributed binding of ferritin-conjugate on the basal cell surface while it was homogeneous and very scarce on the lateral one and absent on the apical cell surface. During the first few hours after isoproterenol, the WGA binding sites at the basal cell surface became homogeneously distributed. This fact was coincident with a loss of about 60 to 70% both in the content of neuraminidase-releasable sialic acid and in the binding of [3H]WGA to the acinar surface. These findings suggest that the release of sialic acid as free residues, which has been involved in the isoproterenol-triggered cell proliferation-inducing mechanism in the mouse parotid, would occur at the glycocalyx corresponding to the basal plasma membrane of the acinar cells

Kinetic assessment of salivary secretory response to citric acid, as compared with pilocarpine Caracterización cinética de la respuesta de secreción salival producida por ácido cítrico. Diferencias con pilocarpina

Background: Induction of salivation is becoming increasingly popular in the assessment of salivary gland status. Various mechanical or pharmacological procedures are empirically used to produce salivation. Oral stimulation by citric acid (AC) is by far the most used sialagogue procedure. Aim: To characterize the salivary secretory response to AC solutions applied to the dorsolateral tongue surfaces. Subjects and methods: Young healthy women from the upper levels of a medical career (n=19) participated as volunteers. Salivary volume and UV-absorbing organic material in saliva from single subjects were measured after various protocols of topical stimulation by AC. Results: After a single stimulation by 1-8% AC the salivary flow rate peaked before 30 seconds and recovered the basal level earlier than 2 minutes. Repetitive stimulations at 30-sec intervals kept the flow rate at a maximum. After suspending these stimulations, basal flow rate was recovered before 2 minutes. Repetitive AC-sti

Aversive effect of tannic acid on drinking behavior in mice of an inbred strain: Potential animal model for assessing astringency

Astringency, an orosensory sensation associated with dietary tannins, contributes to food appetitiveness/aversiveness. However, astringency perception varies greatly among individuals. This study examined whether genetically homogeneous naïve mice display appetitiveness/aversiveness when provided with tannin-containing drink solutions. Ingestion of serial dilutions of tannic acid (TA) by inbred mice (A/Snell) was assessed by a one-bottle preference test. Drink intake was far predominant at night (circadian rhythm). TA concentration-dependently inhibited daily drink consumption. Overnight consumption of TA solutions (range = 0.5-8 g/L) decreased linearly to zero during the first night and was recovered significantly during subsequent nights. TA also inhibited drink consumption in another two inbred mouse strains. The protein fraction of saliva collected from naive mice was markedly reactive with TA at the concentrations shown to affect drink consumption. Thus, testing for drink ingesti