Respuesta del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) al consumo hídrico, área foliar y rendimiento con respecto al número de tallos

The objective of this study was to analyze tomato responses to water requirements (evaluated by means of balance lysimeters), leaf area, yield, quality and its relationship with weather, depending on the number of stems. The work was carried out in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions. Tezontle (Stuff) was used as a substrate and a drip irrigation system was installed. The experiment consisted of three treatments, with one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3) stems per plant. The daily crop evapotranspiration was 0.30 L m-2 in the initial stage, up to 4.41, 4.77 and 6.0 L m-2, in the stage of maximum demand for T1, T2 and T3. The gross volume applied throughout the cycle was 352.2, 388.4 and 434.7 L m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, with productivities of 49, 41 and 36 kg m3 and yields of 20, 18 and 16 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3. Regarding quality parameters in size, T1 was the best, with 69, 23, 8 and 1% fruits of first, second, third and small fruits per plant respectively. The meteorological variables such as; temperature, wind, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit and atmospheric water potential determined the consumption of water and nutrients in crops and are variables for irrigation scheduling.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las respuestas del jitomate a los requerimientos hídricos (evaluado por medio de lisímetros de balance), área foliar, rendimiento, calidad y su relación con el tiempo atmosférico, en función del número tallos. El trabajo se realizó en un invernadero en condiciones de hidroponía. Se utilizó tezontle como sustrato y un sistema de riego por goteo. El experimento consistió en tres tratamientos, con uno (T1), dos (T2) y tres (T3) tallos por planta. El consumo por evapotranspiración diaria del cultivo fue 0,30 L m-2 en la etapa inicial, hasta 4,41, 4,77 y 6,0 L m-2 en la etapa de máxima demanda para T1, T2 y T3. El volumen bruto aplicado durante todo el ciclo fue 352,2; 388,4 y 434,7 L m-2 para T1, T2 y T3, con productividades de 49, 41 y 36 kg m3 y rendimientos de 20, 18 y 16 kg m-2 para T1, T2 y T3. Con relación a los parámetros de calidad en tamaño, el T1 fue mejor, con 69, 23, 8 y 1% frutos de primera, segunda, tercera y frutos pequeños por planta. Las variables meteorológicas como temperatura, viento, humedad relativa, déficit de presión de vapor y potencial hídrico atmosférico determinan el consumo de agua y nutrimentos en los cultivos y son variables para calendarización del riego

Respuesta del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) al consumo hídrico, área foliar y rendimiento con respecto al número de tallos en invernadero

The objective of this study was to analyze tomato responses to water requirements (evaluated by means of balance lysimeters), leaf area, yield, quality and its relationship with weather, depending on the number of stems. The work was carried out in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions. Tezontle (Stuff) was used as a substrate and a drip irrigation system was installed. The experiment consisted of three treatments, with one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3) stems per plant. The daily crop evapotranspiration was 0.30 L m-2 in the initial stage, up to 4.41, 4.77 and 6.0 L m-2, in the stage of maximum demand for T1, T2 and T3. The gross volume applied throughout the cycle was 352.2, 388.4 and 434.7 L m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, with productivities of 49, 41 and 36 kg m3 and yields of 20, 18 and 16 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3. Regarding quality parameters in size, T1 was the best, with 69, 23, 8 and 1% fruits of first, second, third and small fruits per plant respectively. The meteorological variables such as; temperature, wind, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit and atmospheric water potential determined the consumption of water and nutrients in crops and are variables for irrigation scheduling.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las respuestas del jitomate a los requerimientos hídricos (evaluado por medio de lisímetros de balance), área foliar, rendimiento, calidad y su relación con el tiempo atmosférico, en función del número de tallos. El trabajo se realizó en un invernadero en condiciones de hidroponía. Se utilizó tezontle como sustrato y un sistema de riego por goteo. El experimento consistió en tres tratamientos, con uno (T1), dos (T2) y tres (T3) tallos por planta. El consumo por evapotranspiración diaria del cultivo fue 0,30 L m-2 en la etapa inicial, hasta 4,41, 4,77 y 6,0 L m-2 en la etapa de máxima demanda para T1, T2 y T3. El volumen bruto aplicado durante todo el ciclo fue 352,2; 388,4 y 434,7 L m-2 para T1, T2 y T3, con productividades de 49, 41 y 36 kg m3 y rendimientos de 20, 18 y 16 kg m-2 para T1, T2 y T3. Con relación a los parámetros de calidad en tamaño, el T1 fue mejor, con 69, 23, 8 y 1% frutos de primera, segunda, tercera y frutos pequeños por planta. Las variables meteorológicas como temperatura, viento, humedad relativa, déficit de presión de vapor y potencial hídrico atmosférico determinan el consumo de agua y nutrimentos en los cultivos y son variables para calendarización del riego.Fil: Mendoza-Pérez, Cándido. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: Ramírez-Ayala, Carlos. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: Ojeda-Bustamante, Waldo. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (Morelos, México).Fil: Trejo, Carlos. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: López-Ordaz, Anselmo. Texcoco (México). Colegio de PostgraduadosFil: Quevedo-Nolasco, Abel. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: Martínez Ruiz, Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México

Leaf area and its impact in yield and quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases.This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases

Soluciones nutritivas para inducir cambios de concentración de N, P, K en plantas de mango

In order to compare two groups of nutrient solutions, these were studied by the Steiner nutrient solution or Hoagland-Hewitt changes in the concentrations of N, P and K in plants of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Haden, of six months, induced by applying at a group of Steiner solutions and another group Hoagland-Hewitt low levels (deficiency), sufficient and high (toxicity) of N, P and K. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located in Lomas de San Esteban, Texcoco, Mexico, the plants were purchased and laid in a period of adjustment from March 15th to July 23th and, the treatments were applied from July 24th to November 23th, 2008. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system by sub-irrigation, as substrate, porous volcanic rock (tezontle) was used. We used a full factorial design of treatments 3¿3¿2 with four replicates. With the solutions of the Steiner group, regardless of their level of N, P or K in the nutrient solution, similar concentrations of N, P or K were obtained in the leaves and young stems, specifically in the interaction contrasts obtained from the N¿P¿K compound. By contrasting, through the interaction just indicated, the effect of Hewitt solution for toxicity, with the Hoagland solution for deficiency, there was a significant difference between the concentrations of N and P in the leaves and young stems. This effect was not gotten in the K concentration in the young stem.Con el objetivo de comparar dos grupos de soluciones nutritivas, se estudiaron mediante las soluciones nutritivas Steiner, o Hoagland-Hewitt los cambios en las concentraciones de N, P y K en plantas de Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Haden de 6 meses de edad, inducidos al aplicar mediante un grupo de soluciones Steiner y otro grupo Hoagland-Hewitt niveles bajos (deficiencia), suficientes y altos (toxicidad) de N, P y K. El experimento se realizó en invernadero ubicado en Lomas de San Esteban, Texcoco, México; las plantas fueron adquiridas y estuvieron en un periodo de adaptación del 15 de marzo al 23 de julio y los tratamientos se aplicaron del 24 de julio al 23 de noviembre de 2008. Las plantas fueron cultivadas en un sistema hidropónico por subirrigación, se utilizó como sustrato roca volcánica porosa (tezontle). Se utilizó un diseño factorial completo de tratamientos 3â��3â��2 con cuatro repeticiones. Con las soluciones del grupo Steiner, independientemente de su nivel de N, P o K en la solución nutritiva, se obtuvieron en las hojas y tallos jóvenes, concentraciones similares de N, P o K, especí­ficamente en los contrastes obtenidos de la interacción compuesta Nâ��Pâ��K. Al contrastar, mediante la antes indicada interacción, el efecto de la solución Hewitt para toxicidad, con la solución Hoagland para deficiencia, hubo diferencia significativa entre las concentraciones de N y P en hojas y tallos jóvenes. Este efecto no se tuvo en la concentración de K en el tallo joven

Respuesta del pimiento morrón al secado parcial de la raíz en hidroponia e invernadero

This study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of two levels of residual humidity on the substrate, using the technique of partially drying the root, on growth, yield, water relations and gas exchange for sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Cannon F1. The experiment was carried out in 2009, in the Montecillo Campus of the Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Mexico. Treatments were distributed under a design completely at random, with four repetitions as follows, 1) SPR80-80, with a split root and residual humidity of the substrate in both containers >80%, 2) SPR80-30, with a split root and residual humidity of the substrate in one of the containers >80% and the other >30% with alternance cycles, and 3) control, with a complete root system, and a residual humidity of the substrate >80%. Fertilization was performed through drip irrigation, with Steiner solution (1984) at an osmotic potential of -0.046 MPa. During the experimental period, variables related to growth, yield, water relations, gas exchange and fruit quality were measured, undergoing variance analysis and the Tukey test at 5% probability. Results show that plants under PDR80-30 were 24% more water and fertilizer efficient than the control treatment, and increased soluble solids without altering the growth and of the plants in a significant manner.La presente investigación, se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de dos niveles de humedad residual en el sustrato, bajo la técnica de secado parcial de la raí­z sobre el crecimiento, rendimiento, relaciones hí­dricas e intercambio de gases de plantas de pimiento morrón (Capsicum annuum L.) Cannon F1. El experimento se estableció en 2009, en el Campus Montecillo del Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrí­colas, México. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones y fueron: 1) SPR80-80, con raí­z dividida, y humedad residual del sustrato en ambos recipientes â�¥80%; 2) SPR80-30, con raí­z dividida, y humedad residual del sustrato en uno de los recipientes â�¥80% y el otro â�¥30% con ciclos de alternancia; y 3) testigo, con sistema radical completo, y humedad residual del sustrato â�¥80%. La fertilización se realizó a través del sistema de riego por goteo, con solución nutritiva de Steiner (1984) a un potencial osmótico de -0.046 MPa. Durante el periodo experimental, se midieron variables relacionadas con el crecimiento, rendimiento, relaciones hí­dricas, intercambio de gases y calidad del fruto sometiéndose al análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las plantas bajo SPR80-30, tuvieron una eficiencia en el uso del agua y fertilizantes 24% mayor, que el tratamiento testigo, además de aumentar los sólidos solubles totales sin alterar significativamente el crecimiento y rendimiento de las plantas

Técnica de riego para incrementar la eficiencia del uso de agua en jitomate

The aim of this research was to study in hydroponics and greenhouse conditions the effect of two levels of usable moisture from the substrate in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), by the irrigation technique of partial root drying (PRD). For that, physiological variables were evaluated (dry matter of leaf, stem, root and fruit, water relations, gas exchange, yield), fruit quality (firmness, total soluble solids, pH and electrical conductivity) and the efficiency of water use. The experiment was done in Lomas de San Esteban, Texcoco, Mexico State in 2006. Plants grew in homogeneous volume containers with tezontle, the root was divided in two parts and two available moisture (AM) treatments were applied residual in substrate, control: 80%< AM< 100% and 80%< AM< 100% and PRD, 80%< AM< 100% and 30%< AM< 100%. The treatments started 28 days after transplantation and continued until the end of the experiment. Results indicated that PRD treatment, showed statistically significant differences (p< 0.05) than the control, in relation to CO2 fixation rate (PRD, 17.67 and control 9.23 umol m-2 s-1) at 86 days of initiating the treatment (DAIT), evapotranspirated volume per plant throughout the experiment (PRD 186.7 L and control 229 L), fruit quality increased: firmness 25%, total solublesolids 13% and electrical conductivity 13%, compared with control; efficiency in water use (EWU) based on dry matter increased by 29% and instantly EWU was 57, 61 and almost 100% respect to the control at 65, 80 and 86 DAIT respectively, without affecting yield (PRD 363.2 g and control 345.8 g) and total water potential (PRD -0.54 and control -0.57, PRD -0.46 and control -0.55 MPa), at 79 and 118 DAIT respectively.El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar en condiciones de hidroponía e invernadero, el efecto de dos niveles de humedad aprovechable del sustrato en plantas de jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), mediante la técnica de riego secado parcial de la raíz (SPR). Para ello se evaluaron variables fisiológicas (materia seca de hoja, tallo, raíz y fruto, relaciones hí­dricas, intercambio de gases, rendimiento), calidad de fruto (firmeza, sólidos solubles totales, pH y conductividad eléctrica), y la eficiencia del uso de agua. El experimento se estableció en Lomas de San Esteban, Texcoco, Estado de México, en 2006. Las plantas crecieron en contenedores de volumen homogéneo, con tezontle, la raíz se dividió en dos partes, y se aplicaron dos tratamientos de humedad aprovechable (HA) residual en el sustrato, testigo: 80