NUEVOS SISTEMAS DE IMPRESIÓN 3D PARA LA CREACIÓN ARTÍSTICA. LA VISUALIZACIÓN DIGITAL

[EN] Until recently the 3D printing technology was difficult to access because of its high cost. The screen separated the digital (bits) from the concrete (atoms). Progress depends on the capacity to reduce technology costs and the rapidity, size and flexibility of its applications. In 1 86 Chuck Hull patented the process of the esterolitografia: This uses a liquid polymer that hardens by the action of an ultraviolet light beam whose position will be guided to do the route of the desired pattern to form each layer. That year Carl Deckard invents the "selective laser sintered" that consists of grouping dust particles of material by the action of a laser heat ray. S. Scott Crump in 1 8 develops a way to deposit fused filaments to form layer by layer a plastic object of the desired geometry. In 2005 Adrian Bowyer (University of Bath, England), proposes a project known as RepRap selfIreplicating machines that uses a cast strand which is deposited layer to layer, and currently is available in different materials: ABS, PLA, wood, brass and others. The RepRap project is transforming the way taken until now to understand the process. This leads us to wonder how this affects the artistic creation? These "printers" in three dimensions translate virtual into physical world, implying the transition from one plane of existence to another, introducing the paradox of the virtual condition of the image in a concrete physicality of it: the three dimensions. Territories still to be explored. This poster raises some of the keys of the step from virtual (bit) to the physical image (atom), in which the process becomes, again, protagonist of the artistic creation.[ES] Hasta hace poco la tecnología de impresión 3D era difícil de acceder por su elevado coste. Lo digital (bits) estaba separado de lo concreto (átomos) por la pantalla. El progreso está en función del abaratamiento de la tecnología, la rapidez el tamaño y la flexibilidad de sus aplicaciones. En 1986 Chuck Hull patenta el proceso de la esterolitografía: para ello emplea un polímero líquido que se endurece por la acción de un haz de luz ultravioleta cuya posición se va guiando para que realice el trazado del patrón deseado para formar cada capa. Ese año Carl Deckard inventa el “sinterizado selectivo por láser” que consiste en agrupar partículas de polvo de material por la acción calorífica de un láser. S. Scott Crump en 1989 idea un modo de depositar filamentos fundidos para formar capa a capa un objeto de plástico de la geometría deseada. En 2005 Adrian Bowyer (Universidad de Bath, Inglaterra), propone un proyecto de máquinas autoreplicantes conocidas como RepRap que utilizan un filamento fundido que se deposita capa a capa, y que en estos momentos se puede encontrar en diferentes materiales: ABS, PLA, Madera, Bronce entre otros. El proyecto RepRap esta transformando la manera que se ha tenido hasta ahora de entender el proceso. Ello nos lleva a preguntarnos ¿como puede afectar a la creación artística?. Estas “impresoras” en tres dimensiones traducen lo virtual en mundo físico, implicando el tránsito de un plano de existencia a otro, introduciendo la paradoja de la virtualidad de la imagen en una fisicidad concreta de ella: la de las tres dimensiones. Territorios que están todavía por explorar. Este póster plantea algunas de las claves del paso de lo virtual (bit) a la imagen física (átomo), en la que el proceso vuelve a ser protagonista de la creación artística.Tortosa Cuesta, R.; Meléndez Cardona, RF.; Sánchez López, M. (2015). NUEVOS SISTEMAS DE IMPRESIÓN 3D PARA LA CREACIÓN ARTÍSTICA. LA VISUALIZACIÓN DIGITAL. En II CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARTE VISUALES. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1038-1042. https://doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2015.1306OCS1038104

From the screen (bits) to the event (atom)

[EN] Now more than ever images are watched in its primary state: the virtual one (screen). Besides being compulsive image consumers, we need to set these images beyond the virtual state of our right brain processing for the left brain to analyze and conceptualize them. That is the reason why, along our long journey as humans, we did not settle with our latent capacity of vision, the one provided by our retina (sensed by our eyes due to light) and our thought process. On the contrary, we have focused in retaining and deciding to store that image with the goal of entering into its time (to look). We live looking around and searching for intermediate zones of communication in an attempt not so much of identifying, nor finding out, nor discovering but to watch so we can set the image, understanding it, translating it, and inhabit it from the experience of just looking at it (to register). The question arises when we realize the experience is changing. Computer screens are a barrier between us and the reality. They are not only a flat square surface that sits a certain distance from our eyes. They are the window we communicate through, where we work and where images are created. We see through them and they are transforming our sight, bringing in new ways of representing things (to display) and of interacting with our environment. The artwork “20,000 feet or the tiny memory” is an example of turning bits into atoms and the use of data visualization for creating art as an event. In this work, the accuracy' of' the' light translates into a pigment that shapes the footprint and discovers us the most sensitive aspect of the transition from the virtual to the real world.[ES] Ahora más que nunca la imagen la vemos en su primer estado: el virtual (pantalla). Además de ser unos devoradores de imágenes compulsivos, tenemos la necesidad de fijar esas imágenes más allá de la virtualidad en el que nuestro hemisferio derecho del cerebro las procesa y el izquierdo las analiza y las conceptualiza. Es por ello que, a lo largo de nuestro recorrido como seres humanos, no nos hemos conformado con la capacidad de la visión latente, esa que es de la retina (percibe por los ojos mediante la acción de la luz) y el pensamiento. Por el contrario nos hemos esforzado en retener y decidir fijar la imagen para entrar en su tiempo (mirar). Vivimos mirando y buscando zonas intermedias de comunicación, motivados por un intento no tanto de identificar, ni hallar, ni descubrir, sino de mirar para poder fijar la imagen, entenderla, traducirla y habitarla a partir de la experiencia de mirar (registrar). La pregunta surge cuando caemos en la cuenta de que esta experiencia está cambiando. Entre la realidad y nosotros se interponen las pantallas. Ya no es solo una superficie rectangular y plana situada a una cierta distancia de nuestros ojos. Es por donde nos comunicamos, por donde trabajamos y donde se construyen las imágenes. Vemos a través de ellas, y ellas están transformando nuestra mirada aportando nuevas formas de representar (visualizar) y de interactuar con el entorno. La obra “20.000 pies de Altura o la Memoria Ínfima”, va a servirnos de ejemplo del paso de los bits a los átomos y de la visualización de datos para generar una obra como acontecimiento. En ella la exactitud de la luz se traduce en pigmento, formalizando la huella y descubriéndonos el aspecto más sensible del paso de lo virtual a lo real.Tortosa Cuesta, R.; Sánchez López, M.; Meléndez Cardona, RF. (2017). De la pantalla (bits) al acontecimiento (átomos). En Glocal [codificar, mediar, transformar, vivir] III Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 682-687. https://doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.5787OCS68268

Giant calcite concretions in aeolian dune sandstones; sedimentological and architectural controls on diagenetic heterogeneity, mid-Cretaceous Iberian Desert System, Spain

Aeolian dune sandstones of the Iberian erg system (Cretaceous, Spain) host giant calcite concretions that constitute heterogeneities of diagenetic origin within a potential aeolian reservoir. The giant calcite concretions developed in large-scale aeolian dune foresets, at the transition between aeolian dune toeset and damp interdune elements, and in medium-scale superimposed aeolian dune sets. The chemical composition of the giant concretions is very homogeneous. They formed during early burial by lowMg-calcite precipitation frommeteoric pore waters. Carbonate componentswith yellow/orange luminescence form the nuclei of the poikilotopic calcite cement. These cements postdate earlier diagenetic features, characterized by earlymechanical compaction, Fe-oxide cements and clay rims around windblown quartz grains resulting from the redistribution of aeolian dust over the grain surfaces. The intergranular volume (IGV) in friable aeolian sandstone ranges from 7.3 to 15.3%, whereas in cemented aeolian sandstone it is 18.6 to 25.3%. The giant-calcite concretions developed during early diagenesis under the influence of meteoric waters associated with the groundwater flow of the desert basin, although local (e.g. activity of fluid flow through extensional faults) and/or other regional controls (e.g. variations of the phreatic level associated with a variable water influx to the erg system and varying sea level) could have favoured the local development of giant-calcite concretions. The spatial distribution pattern of carbonate grains and the main bounding surfaces determined the spatial distribution of the concretions. In particular, the geometry of the giant calcite concretions is closely associated with main bounding aeolian surfaces. Thus, interdune, superimposition and reactivation surfaces exerted a control on the concretion geometries ranging fromflat and tabular ones (e.g. bounded by interdunes) towedge-shaped concretions at the dune foresets (e.g. bounded by superimposition and reactivation surfaces) determining the spatial distribution of the heterogeneities of diagenetic origin in the aeolian reservoir

In-Fiber Acousto-Optic Interaction Based on Flexural Acoustic Waves and Its Application to Fiber Modulators

The design and implementation of in-fiber acousto-optic (AO) devices based on acoustic flexural waves are presented. The AO interaction is demonstrated to be an efficient mechanism for the development of AO tunable filters and modulators. The implementation of tapered optical fibers is proposed to shape the spectral response of in-fiber AO devices. Experimental results demonstrate that the geometry of the tapered fiber can be regarded as an extra degree of freedom for the design of AO tunable attenuation filters (AOTAFs). In addition, with the objective of expanding the application of AOTAFs to operate as an amplitude modulator, acoustic reflection was intentionally induced. Hence, a standing acoustic wave is generated which produces an amplitude modulation at twice the acoustic frequency. As a particular case, an in-fiber AO modulator composed of a double-ended tapered fiber was reported. The fiber taper was prepared using a standard fusion and pulling technique, and it was tapered down to a fiber diameter of 70 μm. The device exhibits an amplitude modulation at 2.313 MHz, which is two times the acoustic frequency used (1.1565 MHz); a maximum modulation depth of 60%, 1.3 dB of insertion loss, and 40 nm of modulation bandwidth were obtained. These results are within the best results reported in the framework of in-fiber AO modulators

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with active infection not associated with periodontal or liver disease severity

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly transmitted by parenteral route, being blood transfusion and intravenous drug use the most frequent risk factors. However, it has been suggested that there are other routes of transmission. There are several studies where HCV RNA has been detected in saliva of patients infected with HCV, and epidemiological studies have proposed the dental treatments as possible risk factors for HCV transmission. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with active infection and associating with periodontal or liver disease. METHODS: Patients with quantifiable HCV-RNA in serum were enrolled in the study. Periodontal disease was assessed using the modified gingival index (MGI). Presence of dental plaque was assessed with the use of disclosing tablets. Patients were clinically and laboratory evaluated to identify the stage of liver disease, the HCV RNA was determinate in saliva by nested RT-PCR. To determine associations between different parameters univariate and multivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included. Of these patients, 21 (46.6%) had hepatitis, 23 (51.1%) had cirrhosis and one patient (2.4%) presented hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral loads in serum ranged from 2.31–6.68 log IU/ml with a mean of 5.46 log IU/ml (95% CI 5.23–5.70). HCV RNA was positive in saliva of 29 patients (64.4%) and was not detected in 16 (35.6%). For univariate analysis three independent variables were associated with the detection of HCV-RNA in saliva: gender, viral load and dental plaque and multivariate analysis only one independent variable viral load >5.17 log IU/mL remained significantly associated with the detection of HCV in saliva (p = 0.0002). A statistical difference was observed when viral load was analyzed, log 5.85 IU/mL (95% CI 5.67–6.02) for patients with HCV in saliva vs. log 4.77 IU/mL (95% CI 4.35–5.19) for patients without HCV in saliva (p = 0.0001). The detection of HCV-RNA in saliva was more frequent in patients with relatively high serum viral loads. CONCLUSION: HCV-RNA in saliva was associated with the level of serum viral load but not with periodontal or liver disease severity

Historical and ecological drivers of the spatial pattern of Chondrichthyes species richness in the Mediterranean Sea

Chondrichthyes, which include Elasmobranchii (sharks and batoids) and Holocephali (chimaeras), are a relatively small group in the Mediterranean Sea (89 species) playing a key role in the ecosystems where they are found. At present, many species of this group are threatened as a result of anthropogenic effects, including fishing activity. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of these species is of great importance to understand their ecological role and for the efficient management of their populations, particularly if affected by fisheries. This study aims to analyze the spatial patterns of the distribution of Chondrichthyes species richness in the Mediterranean Sea. Information provided by the studied countries was used to model geographical and ecological variables affecting the Chondrichthyes species richness. The species were distributed in 16 Operational Geographical Units (OGUs), derived from the Geographical Sub-Areas (GSA) adopted by the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean Sea (GFCM). Regression analyses with the species richness as a target variable were adjusted with a set of environmental and geographical variables, being the model that links richness of Chondrichthyes species with distance to the Strait of Gibraltar and number of taxonomic families of bony fishes the one that best explains it. This suggests that both historical and ecological factors affect the current distribution of Chondrichthyes within the Mediterranean Sea.Postprin

Adaptación colombiana de las guías de neuroestimulación espinal en el manejo del dolor crónico e isquémico

ResumenIntroducciónEl manejo del dolor crónico por medios convencionales a menudo es insuficiente, y es por eso que con el mayor conocimiento de la neurobiología del dolor se han desarrollado nuevos tratamientos, como la neuroestimulación espinal, con resultados óptimos a corto y a largo plazo.ObjetivosIntegrar y actualizar guías de práctica clínica sobre la efectividad y la seguridad de la neuroestimulación espinal en el manejo del dolor crónico.Materiales y métodosSe realizó una búsqueda de guías de práctica, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos clínicos en las principales bases de datos (Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS y MEDLINE) evaluando su calidad y el grado de evidencia para proponer recomendaciones en el manejo de síndromes dolorosos crónicos, y en isquemia cardiaca y de miembros inferiores.ResultadosSe encontró evidencia suficiente para soportar el uso de la neuroestimulación espinal para el alivio del dolor que persiste después de cirugía de espalda y también para el síndrome doloroso regional complejo. Se encontró evidencia en ascenso para el uso en la angina de pecho refractaria y en la extremidad inferior isquémica dolorosa.ConclusionesLa neuroestimulación es una técnica mínimamente invasiva útil para el manejo de dolor persistente posterior a cirugía de columna y para el síndrome regional complejo.AbstractIntroductionManagement of chronic pain by conventional means is usually insufficient, but the enhanced knowledge of the neurobiology of pain has led to the development of new treatments like spinal neurostimulation, with optimal short and long-term results in the hands of the treating physicians.ObjectivesTo integrate and update clinical practice guidelines on the effectiveness and safety of spinal neurostimulation in the management of chronic pain.Materials and methodsSearch of practice guidelines, systematic reviews and clinical trials in the main databases (Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS and MEDLINE), and assessment of their quality and level of evidence in order to propose recommendations for the management of chronic painful syndromes and cardiac and lower-limb ischemia.ResultsSufficient evidence was found to support the use of spinal neurostimulation for pain relief in cases of persistent pain after back surgery and also for complex regional pain syndrome. Growing evidence was found for the use of spinal neurostimulation in refractory angina pectoris and in painful ischemic lower limbs.ConclusionsNeurostimulation is a minimally invasive technique useful for the management of persistent pain after back surgery and for complex regional pain syndrome

Understanding the retreat of the Jurassic Cantabrian coast (N. Spain): comprehensive monitoring and 4D evolution model of the Tazones Lighthouse landslide

Forecasting coastal dynamics and sea cliff retreat under different sea level rise scenarios requires a good understanding of the conditioning factors and their relative contribution to cliff stability. The so-called Jurassic Cantabrian Coast extends along 76 km of the coastline of the Asturias region (N Spain) and is well-known worldwide due to its paleontological heritage, in particular the presence of dinosaur remains and footprints. The abundance of stratigraphic, paleontological and tectonic studies contrasts with the scarcity of studies focused on the stability of this rocky coastline where cliffs predominate, sometimes exceeding 120 m in height. In fact, evidence of current and recent instability processes can be observed along the entire coastline. In this regard, continuous monitoring is crucial to understand ongoing instabilities in rocky coastlines, as in these settings some instabilities might initiate as slow movements that induce subtle topographic changes whose detection from either satellite or aerial imagery is problematic due to the spatial and temporal resolutions.This research is part of 1) the “COSINES” Project [CGL2017-83909-R], Call 2017 for RETOS Projects funded by the Spanish Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Ministry-Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), the Spanish Research Agency-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the European Regional Development Found (FEDER) and 2) the GEOCANCOSTA research group, supported by the Asturian Regional Government (Spain) [grant number GRUPIN-IDI-2018-184]