Creative fictions: Incentive work and humanitarian labour in South Sudan

The career of the incentive has been meteoric and global, cropping up in peace‐building, state‐building, global health, and humanitarian contexts across the world. In this paper, I consider incentive work from the vantage point of independence‐era South Sudan. In doing so, I build conversations between geography and spatially sensitive anthropology about the power of social forms to shape action, through an attention to the porous and polyvalent logics of legitimation entailed in ‘creative fictions’. Attention to the modes of legitimation help to understand not only what social forms do, but also how they emerge, travel, and are appropriated and repurposed for use by new sets of actors. In tracing the transit of incentive work from development practice into humanitarian programming, I understand incentive work as a creative fiction—an intangible social form that animates and channels action to generative ends. While incentive work emerged as a tidy solution to constraints within the humanitarian sector on who might be paid for what kind work, the social form of incentive work proliferated. Set free from those constraints, incentive work offered up channels of accumuclation to new actors—including mid‐level state functionaries—by mobilizing and ligitimating claims on un‐ and under‐compensated labour though a call to voluntas, the morally inflected volitional ethos of volunteerism

South Sudan Oyee! A Political Economy of Refugee Return Migration to Chukudum, South Sudan

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2012This dissertation delineates a political economy of refugee return migration to South Sudan by examining refugees' shifting practices of production, social reproduction and exchange, their spatialization and their intersection with various axes of difference. My work builds on theories relating geopolitics, everyday practice, and commoditization to unpack the material practices and political subjectivities engendered by refugee return migration. I trace how practices move with people and are reshaped, but only ever partially, in relation to a new context. I argue that high volume migration produces moments in which space and the authority to define its contours are renegotiated through embodied material practices. In northern Kenya, I found that Kakuma refugee camp spatializes difference by linking entitlements (to rations, environmental resources, or the authority to allow or forbid settlement and mobility) to particular social categories of people so long as they remain in their appropriate space. Living within this kind of space naturalizes a logic of segregation that equates authority over space and material prosperity with difference. While life in the camp lead to increasing commoditization among Didinga refugees, when they returned to the small rural town of Chukudum, most took up subsistence production as one way to navigate their exposure to reduced life chances in a floundering post-conflict economy. While subsistence production augmented local economic autonomy, access to land was mediated through notions of autochthony that reproduced some of the same exclusions that shaped camp life. Post-conflict recovery must, then, be concerned with the material and socio-spatial legacies of refugee camp life. Additionally, when subsistence production is seen as the most secure livelihood option--even for those with other sources of income--it can also be read as an indication of the extreme precarity that characterized other forms of work in post-conflict South Sudan