Sigma viruses from three species of Drosophila form a major new clade in the rhabdovirus phylogeny

The sigma virus (DMelSV), which is a natural pathogen of Drosophila melanogaster, is the only Drosophila-specific rhabdovirus that has been described. We have discovered two new rhabdoviruses, D. obscura and D. affinis, which we have named DObsSV and DAffSV, respectively. We sequenced the complete genomes of DObsSV and DMelSV, and the L gene from DAffSV. Combining these data with sequences from a wide range of other rhabdoviruses, we found that the three sigma viruses form a distinct clade which is a sister group to the Dimarhabdovirus supergroup, and the high levels of divergence between these viruses suggest that they deserve to be recognized as a new genus. Furthermore, our analysis produced the most robustly supported phylogeny of the Rhabdoviridae to date, allowing us to reconstruct the major transitions that have occurred during the evolution of the family. Our data suggest that the bias towards research into plants and vertebrates means that much of the diversity of rhabdoviruses has been missed, and rhabdoviruses may be common pathogens of insects

Rhabdoviruses in Two Species of Drosophila: Vertical Transmission and a Recent Sweep

Insects are host to a diverse range of vertically transmitted micro-organisms, but while their bacterial symbionts are well-studied, little is known about their vertically transmitted viruses. We have found that two sigma viruses (Rhabdoviridae) recently discovered in Drosophila affinis and Drosophila obscura are both vertically transmitted. As is the case for the sigma virus of Drosophila melanogaster, we find that both males and females can transmit these viruses to their offspring. Males transmit lower viral titers through sperm than females transmit through eggs, and a lower proportion of their offspring become infected. In natural populations of D. obscura in the United Kingdom, we found that 39% of flies were infected and that the viral population shows clear evidence of a recent expansion, with extremely low genetic diversity and a large excess of rare polymorphisms. Using sequence data we estimate that the virus has swept across the United Kingdom within the past ∼11 years, during which time the viral population size doubled approximately every 9 months. Using simulations based on our lab estimates of transmission rates, we show that the biparental mode of transmission allows the virus to invade and rapidly spread through populations at rates consistent with those measured in the field. Therefore, as predicted by our simulations, the virus has undergone an extremely rapid and recent increase in population size. In light of this and earlier studies of a related virus in D. melanogaster, we conclude that vertically transmitted rhabdoviruses may be common in insects and that these host–parasite interactions can be highly dynamic

Host Phylogeny Determines Viral Persistence and Replication in Novel Hosts

Pathogens switching to new hosts can result in the emergence of new infectious diseases, and determining which species are likely to be sources of such host shifts is essential to understanding disease threats to both humans and wildlife. However, the factors that determine whether a pathogen can infect a novel host are poorly understood. We have examined the ability of three host-specific RNA-viruses (Drosophila sigma viruses from the family Rhabdoviridae) to persist and replicate in 51 different species of Drosophilidae. Using a novel analytical approach we found that the host phylogeny could explain most of the variation in viral replication and persistence between different host species. This effect is partly driven by viruses reaching a higher titre in those novel hosts most closely related to the original host. However, there is also a strong effect of host phylogeny that is independent of the distance from the original host, with viral titres being similar in groups of related hosts. Most of this effect could be explained by variation in general susceptibility to all three sigma viruses, as there is a strong phylogenetic correlation in the titres of the three viruses. These results suggest that the source of new emerging diseases may often be predictable from the host phylogeny, but that the effect may be more complex than simply causing most host shifts to occur between closely related hosts

L'utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique : les cas de Troyes et de Rouen.

Iron is part of the initial design of Rouennais and Troyenne churches. In some churches, more than twenty tons of iron are employed in stained glass. Structural rods and chains of iron are also used in masonry and carpentry work, as well as smaller pieces, cramps and gudgeons, in order to attach a great deal of sculpted ornaments. The questions of the functions, the quantities, the origins and the cost of the iron for the building yard are treated by an interdisciplinary study using archaeological prospections in the churches, researches in medieval accounting books and metallographic analyses of 74 pieces of iron sampled directly in the buildings. This study also allows to show the nature and the quality of the iron used in construction, its forging treatments and eventually to understand the influence of the great mutations of medieval ironworking (hydraulic hammer, blast furnace) on the use of iron in gothic architecture.Le fer fait partie intégrante de la conception initiale des églises gothiques rouennaises et troyennes. Dès le XIIIe siècle, il y est employé en dizaines de tonnes dans les armatures de vitraux. On le retrouve également dans la maçonnerie et dans la charpente sous forme de tirants, de chaînages structurels et de petites pièces, agrafes et goujons, servant à attacher les nombreux éléments de décor. Ses nombreux usages ainsi que les questions du rôle, des quantités, de l'origine et du coût de ces fers sont abordés par une étude interdisciplinaire alliant prospections dans le bâti, recherches dans les sources écrites et l'étude métallographique de 74 échantillons de fer prélevés in situ. Ces analyses permettent aussi de rendre compte de la nature et de la qualité du matériau employé, des caractéristiques du travail de forge et de comprendre l'influence des mutations de la métallurgie médiévale (marteau hydraulique, filière de réduction indirecte) sur l'emploi du fer dans la construction

Apport des facteurs de croissance dans la gestion de la cicatrisation après chirurgie reconstructrice maxillo-mandibulaire

NANCY1-SCD Pharmacie-Odontologie (543952101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les actualités cinématographiques : les conditions de production et d'exploitation du Pathé-Journal (1920-1940)

L'Heritier Anne-Marie. Les actualités cinématographiques : les conditions de production et d'exploitation du Pathé-Journal (1920-1940). In: Cahiers de la Méditerranée, n°16-17, 1, 1978. Recherches d'histoire du cinéma, sous la direction de Jean A. Gili. pp. 55-72

L' utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique (les cas de Troyes et de Rouen)

Le fer fait partie intégrante de la conception initiale des églises gothiques rouennaises et troyennes. Dès le XIIIe siècle, il y est employé en dizaines de tonnes dans les armatures de vitraux. On le retrouve également dans la maçonnerie et dans la charpente sous forme de tirants, de chaînages structurels et de petites pièces, agrafes et goujons, servant à attacher les nombreux éléments de décor. Ses nombreux usages ainsi que les questions du rôle, des quantités, de l'origine et du coût de ces fers sont abordés par une étude interdisciplinaire alliant prospections dans le bâti, recherches dans les sources écrites et l'étude métallo graphique de 74 échantillons de fer prélevés in situ. Ces analyses permettent aussi de rendre compte de la nature et de la qualité du matériau employé, des caractéristiques du travail de forge et de comprendre l'influence des mutations de la métallurgie médiévale (marteau hydraulique, filière de réduction indirecte) sur l'emploi du fer dans la construction.PARIS1-BU Pierre Mendès-France (751132102) / SudocROUEN-Pôle SHS UFR Let-Sci-Hum (764512204) / SudocSudocFranceF

Principales zoonoses transmises du chat à l'homme (rôle du pharmacien dans le conseil vétérinaire)

BESANCON-BU Médecine pharmacie (250562102) / SudocSudocFranceF