<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> ascospores.

<p>A) SEM image of an ascospore produced by mating between two compatible strains. Courtesy of Bryan Hansen. B) TEM image of an ascospore cross-section showing an unusually thick wall (white bar) composed of an electron-dense inner wall covered by a thick outer wall. Courtesy of Mones Abu-Asab. C) DIC image of germinating ascospores (white arrows) and dead conidia (black arrow) after 30 min incubation at 70°C.</p

Importance of ER integrity and resistance to FLC.

<p>(A) Spot assay showing FLC sensitivity of the strains with deletion of ER integrity-associated genes. (Adapted from Ngamskulrungroj et al. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003022#ppat.1003022-Ngamskulrungroj1" target="_blank">[27]</a>, <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003022#ppat.1003022-Ngamskulrungroj2" target="_blank">[30]</a>.) (B) Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) shows severe perturbation of ER network in a <i>sey1Δglo3Δ</i> double deletant compared to H99. ER and nuclei were pseudocolored green and blue, respectively (right column). Left column shows orthoslices representing central sections by transmission electron microscopy. The cells of <i>sey1Δglo3Δ</i> are considerably larger than the wild type or deletant of a single gene. Bar = 1 µm. (Adapted from Ngamskulrungroj et al <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003022#ppat.1003022-Ngamskulrungroj1" target="_blank">[27]</a>.)</p

Aneuploidy formation and FLC resistance in the <i>C. neoformans</i> strain H99.

<p>(A) The percentage of FLC-resistant population in H99^R64 (resistant at 64 ug/ml FLC) decreases during daily transfer in drug-free media. (Adapted from Sionov et al. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003022#ppat.1003022-Sionov2" target="_blank">[9]</a>.) (B) E-test showing FLC-resistance phenotype of H99 wild type, H99^R64, H99^Rvt16, and H99^Rvt26. Complete reversion of drug sensitivity to wild-type levels occurs by day 26. (C) CGH plots showed duplication of Chr1and 4 in resistant clones proliferating at 64 ug/ml FLC (H99^R64), loss of Chr1 disomy by day 16 (H99R^vt16) for subcultures grown in drug-free media, and complete loss of disomic chromosomes by day 26 (H99^Rvt26). (Adapted from Sionov et al. <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003022#ppat.1003022-Sionov1" target="_blank">[5]</a>.)</p

Dispersibility of <i>A. fumigatus</i> conidia.

<p>A) A cloud of aerosol released in the air after turning of a compost pile located in Maryland, USA. B) A malt extract agar plate exposed to the air for a minute at the site and incubated for a few days at 37°C grew predominantly <i>A. fumigatus</i> colonies (both pictures were taken by the late Dr. Chester Emmons). C) Eight small sterile agar plates of <i>Aspergillus</i> minimal medium were placed around a seven-day-old culture of <i>A. fumigatus</i> strain B-5233 (center) in a class 2 biosafety cabinet. In the absence of air flow the lids of all the plates were removed for 24 h. The small plates were then incubated for three days at 37°C. D) The same procedure as in C except that the small plates were exposed to the culture of a ten-day-old <i>A. nidulans</i> strain RYC13B (center). <i>A. fumigatus</i> conidia dispersed to the surrounding small agar plates while none was evident for the <i>A. nidulans</i> strain.</p

Comparison of expression levels of the genes encoding glycine cleavage enzymes in H99 and R265.

<p>RNA levels of genes encoded enzymes in the glycine cleavage decarboxylase complex were determined in cells growing in ammonium sulfate (NH₄), glycine or glycine plus ammonium sulfate (glycineNH4) as the sole nitrogen source. Expression is presented in folds of wild type levels growing in ammonium sulfate. A) Expression levels of the four genes in the wild type strains. B) Effect of <i>GAT1</i> deletion on the expression of glycine decarboxylase complex genes. The experiment was carried out in triplicates. Bars = standard error, wt = wild type.</p

Can. Imp. Bank of Comm. : Yonge & Pleasant Blvd Branch : Robbery

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List of strains and their ability to utilize different nitrogen sources.

<p>List of strains and their ability to utilize different nitrogen sources.</p

Virulence of <i>H99gat1Δ</i> was minimally enhanced while of <i>R265gat1Δ</i> was significantly reduced in murine inhalation model.

<p>50,000 cells from each strain were inoculated intrapharyngeally to 10 Balb/c mice per group. Mice were fed with food and water ad libitum.</p

Utilization of different nitrogen sources according to molecular type.

<p><i>C. n.</i> = <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>C.g.</i> = <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>. Bold italic are test giving 100% correlation with either species.</p

Utilization of nitrogen sources by H99 and R265.

<p>5 µl of cell suspensions at OD₆₀₀nm of 10, 0.1 and 0.001 were spotted on 2% glucose YNB agar with 10 mM of the indicated nitrogen source and incubated for 5–7 days at 30°C. Amino acids differentially utilized by the two species are italicized and underlined.</p