Whole Genomic Analysis of Human G12P[6] and G12P[8] Rotavirus Strains that Have Emerged in Myanmar.

G12 rotaviruses are emerging rotavirus strains causing severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. However, the whole genomes of only a few G12 strains have been fully sequenced and analyzed. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genomes of six G12 strains (RVA/Human-tc/MMR/A14/2011/G12P[8], RVA/Human-tc/MMR/A23/2011/G12P[6], RVA/Human-tc/MMR/A25/2011/G12P[8], RVA/Human-tc/MMR/P02/2011/G12P[8], RVA/Human-tc/MMR/P39/2011/G12P[8], and RVA/Human-tc/MMR/P43/2011/G12P[8]) detected in six stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in Myanmar. On whole genomic analysis, all six Myanmarese G12 strains were found to have a Wa-like genetic backbone: G12-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 for strains A14, A25, P02, P39, and P43, and G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 for strain A23. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most genes of the six strains examined in this study were genetically related to globally circulating human G1, G3, G9, and G12 strains. Of note is that the NSP4 gene of strain A23 exhibited the closest relationship with the cognate genes of human-like bovine strains as well as human strains, suggesting the occurrence of reassortment between human and bovine strains. Furthermore, strains A14, A25, P02, P39, and P43 were very closely related to one another in all the 11 gene segments, indicating derivation of the five strains from a common origin. On the other hand, strain A23 consistently formed distinct clusters as to all the 11 gene segments, indicating a distinct origin of strain A23 from that of strains A14, A25, P02, P39, and P43. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole genome-based characterization of G12 strains that have emerged in Myanmar. Our observations will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of spreading G12 rotaviruses in Asia

Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Sylt Rømø bight in 2014

Due to changing temperature regimes in the North- and the Wadden Sea, a fish survey in the Sylt Rømø bight (SRB) was established in 2007 for at least ten years. The aim is to investigate the Wadden Sea fish fauna with special interest in changes of migration behavior, species composition and feeding habits. Seven stations are sampled monthly inside the SRB. Two additional stations, one outside the bight, one close to the Danish border are sampled as references four times a year. For sampling a mini bottom trawl, total length 17 m, trawl opening 7 m, height 3 m with a mesh size of 36 mm in the wings, 16 mm in the mid part and 6 mm in the cod end is used. At every station one haul in the water column and another at the bottom are sampled, for 15 minutes at a speed of approximately 2 knots. The data will help to give a more detailed picture of food chains and energy flows inside the Wadden Sea

Genotype natures of the 11 gene segments of six Myanmarese G12 strains, A14, A23, A25, P02, P39, and P43, with those of selected human and animal strains.

<p>Strains A14, A23, A25, P02, P39, and P43 are shown in red. Gray shading indicates the 10 gene segments (VP7, VP6, VP1-3, and NSP1-5) with genotypes identical to those of strains A14, A23, A25, P02, P39, and P43. Green shading indicates the VP4 gene segments with a P[8] genotype identical to those of strains A14, A25, P02, P39, and P43. Blue shading indicates the VP4 gene segments with a P[6] genotype identical to that of strain A23. “−” indicates that no sequence data were available in the DDBJ and EMBL/GenBank data libraries. ^aThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain A14. ^bThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain A23. ^cThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain A25. ^dThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain P02. ^eThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain P39. ^fThe gene segments that are most similar to those of strain P43.</p

Genomic dsRNA profiles of strains A14, A23, A25, P02, P39, and P43.

<p>Lane 1, dsRNAs of strain KU (G1P[8]) extracted from a cell culture; lanes 2–7, dsRNAs of strains A14 (lane 2), A23 (lane 3), A25 (lane 4), P02 (lane 5), P39 (lane 6), and P43 (lane 7) extracted from cell cultures. The numbers on the left indicate the order of the genomic dsRNA segments of strain KU.</p