Lawfully using autonomous weapon technologies:A theoretical and operational perspective

Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) have to be employed in conformity with international humanitarian law (IHL). On this, the international community has reached consensus. Less clear is how to translate this normative commitment into practice in the field. How are the technology’s end-users – field commanders – expected to exercise command-and-control when ordering AWS-attacks?This legal treatise adopts an operational approach and theorises on how commanders can use existing targeting frameworks to ensure that their use of AWS remains in compliance with the rules governing the conduct of hostilities. This research explored the following legal questions from a commander’s perspective:• How does one maintain control of AWS throughout a targeting cycle?• How does one make informed and reasoned deployment decisions, by analysing information related to the technical parameters of the AWS, characteristics of the operational environment, and enemy countermeasures?• Under which circumstances may AWS not be used under targeting rules, such as indiscriminate attack, proportionality and the duty to cancel/suspend?• What extra precautionary measures unique to AWS technology can and should be employed?• When is it militarily desirable to employ AWS (over other alternatives)?• Under what circumstances may criminal liability be attributed for AWS-related harm?This monograph has two core outputs, one academic and one practical. For the former, it offers new legal and doctrinal insights on the technology that is useful for future legal developments. For the latter, it provides efficient flowcharts that can be adopted by commanders, military organisations or policymakers to ensure IHL-compliant deployment of AWS

Lawfully using autonomous weapon technologies:A theoretical and operational perspective

Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) have to be employed in conformity with international humanitarian law (IHL). On this, the international community has reached consensus. Less clear is how to translate this normative commitment into practice in the field. How are the technology’s end-users – field commanders – expected to exercise command-and-control when ordering AWS-attacks?This legal treatise adopts an operational approach and theorises on how commanders can use existing targeting frameworks to ensure that their use of AWS remains in compliance with the rules governing the conduct of hostilities. This research explored the following legal questions from a commander’s perspective:• How does one maintain control of AWS throughout a targeting cycle?• How does one make informed and reasoned deployment decisions, by analysing information related to the technical parameters of the AWS, characteristics of the operational environment, and enemy countermeasures?• Under which circumstances may AWS not be used under targeting rules, such as indiscriminate attack, proportionality and the duty to cancel/suspend?• What extra precautionary measures unique to AWS technology can and should be employed?• When is it militarily desirable to employ AWS (over other alternatives)?• Under what circumstances may criminal liability be attributed for AWS-related harm?This monograph has two core outputs, one academic and one practical. For the former, it offers new legal and doctrinal insights on the technology that is useful for future legal developments. For the latter, it provides efficient flowcharts that can be adopted by commanders, military organisations or policymakers to ensure IHL-compliant deployment of AWS

CONSTRUCTING SELF IDENTITY THROUGH THE LENS OF FASHION

Fashion adalah bagian dari kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Setiap harinya, orang membuat pilihan artistik melalui style berpakaian mereka. Tidak dapat dipungkiri, pilihan pakaian kita sehari-hari memiliki dampak terhadap diri kita sendiri dan orang-orang disekitar kita. Apa yang seseorang pakai mencerminkan dirinya – baik suasana hati, ideology, maupun kepribadian – dan membangun suatu persepsi oleh lingkungan sekitar terhadapnya. Ada yang berkata bahwa seseorang dapat menggunakan fashion sebagai sarana untuk membangun citra diri, untuk menentukan bagaimana masyarakat memandang mereka. Namun, ada juga yang berkata bahwa cara menampilkan diri, termasuk pilihan berpakaiannya itulah yang secara tidak disengaja membangun persepsi masyarakat terhadap orang tersebut. Jadi, fashion dapat menunjukkan antara bagaimana cara kita memandang diri kita atau bagian apa dari diri kita yang kita tunjukkan ke orang lain. Paper ini mengeksplor dampak dari fashion terhadap representasi diri, mencakup pergantian trend dalam komunitas

Classification of Stellar Age and Galaxy Components within Spiral Galaxies by use of Hubble Space Telescope Imagery and Machine Learning

Galaxies have complex formations of components such as stars, dust, and gas, whose spatial and temporal relationships can help us to better understand the formation and evolution of galaxies, and ultimately the Universe. The main objective of this study is to test how machine learning can be used to classify galaxy components and stellar ages within spiral galaxies based on values of pixels in Hubble Space Telescope imagery, Euclidean distance calculations, textural features, and band ratios. We develop two machine learning models using maximum likelihood, random forest, and support vector machine algorithms. We find the models are successful for classification of galaxy components and stellar age, with Euclidean distance and textural features being the most important parameters. These methods can contribute to the rapid processing of high resolution astronomical imagery of galaxies and other celestial phenomena

Beklemmung, Verzweiflung, Enttäuschung: Rok Kohouta von Tereza Boučková

Es läuft einfach nicht, weder beruflich noch privat. Ihre Bücher will keiner lesen, ihre Kinder lügen und stehlen. Beklemmung, Selbstzweifel und Angstzustände überkommen sie. Ständig muss sie weinen. Das neue Buch von Tereza Boučková setzt sich erneut mit den Problemen ihrer Familie auseinander. Lösungen bietet die Autorin nicht an, nur schonungslose Offenheit