Income Inequality and Marriage

This study examines the extent to which changes in household formation exacerbated income inequality in the United States during the last two generations. Using a time-varying parameter model, the impact on how marriage decisions, changes in human capital, and fertility choices influence inequality are estimated. The estimation results show that marital sorting evolves over time and positively and increasingly affects the degree of income inequality and intergenerational human capital transmission induces path-dependent income distribution dynamics. This suggests that intrahousehold choices explain a substantial proportion of income distribution dynamics.

Ticket Pricing Per Team: The Case of Major League Baseball (MLB)

In this paper, we explore the determinants of demand for attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games for 23 individual MLB teams during the period 1970 to 2003. Our central focus is to explore team-specific price elasticities of demand for attendance. We use Error Correction Models (ECM) to identify these elasticities. The empirical findings show that factors of demand differ between teams with respect to the factors that determine attendance and to the estimated weights. We find that demand for attendance is mostly inelastic with levels varying between teams

Putative cell adhesion membrane protein Vstm5 regulates neuronal morphology and migration in the central nervous system

During brain development, dynamic changes in neuronal membranes perform critical roles in neuronal morphogenesis and migration to create functional neural circuits. Among the proteins that induce membrane dynamics, cell adhesion molecules are important in neuronal membrane plasticity. Here, we report that V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 5 (Vstm5), a cell-adhesion-like molecule belonging to the Ig superfamily, was found in mouse brain. Knock-down of Vstm5 in cultured hippocampal neurons markedly reduced the complexity of dendritic structures, as well as the number of dendritic filopodia. Vstm5 also regulates neuronal morphology by promoting dendritic protrusions that later develop into dendritic spines. Using electroporationin utero, we found that Vstm5 overexpression delayed neuronal migration and induced multiple branches in leading processes during corticogenesis. These results indicate that Vstm5 is a new cell-adhesion-like molecule and is critically involved in synaptogenesis and corticogenesis by promoting neuronal membrane dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuronal migration and morphogenesis play critical roles in brain development and function. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 5 (Vstm5), a putative cell adhesion membrane protein, modulates both the position and complexity of central neurons by altering their membrane morphology and dynamics. Vstm5 is also one of the target genes responsible for variations in patient responses to treatments for major depressive disorder. Our results provide the first evidence that Vstm5 is a novel factor involved in the modulation of the neuronal membrane and a critical element in normal neural circuit formation during mammalian brain development.</jats:p

THE EFFECT OF TURNING DIRECTION ON LOWER EXTREMITY JOINT MOMENTS DURING FAST CUTTING MOVEMENT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of turning movement on the three-dimensional moments at the ankle, knee, and hip joints. Data were collected using video cameras and force plate. Eight male recreational basketball players were tested during fast running (4.5m/s) and when cutting to the right or left off (+60, +30, 0, -30, and -60). The inverse dynamics approach was used to integrate the body segment parameter, kinetic and force plate data, and to solve the resultant joint moments. Greater abduction moments of the ankle, adduction moments of the knee and external rotation and adduction moments of the hip were found compared to values for straight running. Greater inversion and adduction moments of the ankle, abduction moments of the knee and hip were found compared to values for straight running

Repetitive Nerve Stimulation and Single Fiber EIectromyography Tests for Myasthenia Gravis

Sometimes it is not easy to make a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) when the ocular symptoms are the only clinical manifestations. The authors performed this study to understand the significance or the indication of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) tests in various stages of MG. The subjects consisted of 15 ocular, 12 generalized, 4 remitted MG, and 5 other neurologic diseases which mimicked it.Positive RNS and SFEMG results were found in 53.3%, 86.7% of ocular type, in 0.0%, 75.0% of remitted type, in 75.0%, 91.7% of generalized type of MG and in 0.0%, 60.0% of other neurologic disease, respectively. When we analysed the results in 15 ocular MG and in 5 non-MG groups, the RNS tests had low sensitivity (53.3%) and high specificity (100%) as they were positive in 8 of 15 ocular MG, and negative in all of 5 non-MG group. Whereas the SFEMG had high sensitivity (86. 7%) and low specificity (40.0%) as it was positive in 13 of 15 ocular MG, and negative in 2 of 5 non-MG group.Therefore it would be concluded that the SFEMG test was much more sensitive than the RNS for the diagnosis of MG, but would not differentiate ocular MG from other neurologic diseases whose clinical features mimicked it. On the other hand, the diagnosis of MG would be promising by a positive RNS test as its specificity was very high

THE DIFFERENCE OF RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT CUSTOMER BASED ON SERVICE QUALITY IN THE RESTAURANT BUSINESS USING CART METHODOLOGY

The food industry contributes to a nation’s economic development in many respects. According to the National Restaurant Association in 2009, there are 945,000 restaurants and sales in the restaurant industry are $566 billion a year, which make up about 13million people or 9% of the U.S. workforce food industry. Both the sales and the number of workforce engaged in the food industry have increased steadily since 1970. In other words, as the United States is experiencing remarkable growth in the restaurant business, there is a great deal of competition for surviving in competitive industry

Drift-induced modifications to the dynamical polarization of graphene

The response function of graphene is calculated in the presence of a constant current across the sample. For small drift velocities and finite chemical potential, analytic expressions are obtained and consequences on the plasmonic excitations are discussed. For general drift velocities and zero chemical potential, numerical results are presented and a plasmon gain region is identified that is related to interband transitions. &amp;copy; 2015 American Physical Societyopen0