DISTRIBUTION AND HARMFUL EFFECTS OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA PERS. – THE CAUSE OF GRAY MOLD DISEASE IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Botrytis cinerea is a cosmopolitan phytopathogenic fungi which attacks more than 230 different plant species (Giraud et al., 1999; Ma & Michailides, 2005; Zhao et al., 2009; Irinyi et al., 2009), mainly dicotiledons (Williamson et al., 2007) among which there are many economicaly important crops, such as: fruits, vegetables and flower crops (Kerssies et al., 1997; Belen Suarez et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2006; Myresiotis et al., 2007). In Republic of Macedonia, this fungus is considered as most important economic disease in grapes (Jovan~ev, 2005; Pej~inovski i Mitrev, 2009), but is also important cause of gray mold disease in many other crops, such as: tomato, pepper, cucumber, cabbage, lettuce, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry etc. In greenhouse production of vegetables, this fungus causes severe damages, especially in tomato, pepper, egg plant and cucumber production (Jovan~ev, 2005; Kuzmanovska, 2011).Key words: gray mold, Botrytis cinerea, distribution, harmful effects.Fitopatogenata gaba - Botrytis cinerea e kosmopolit, koj napa|a preku 230 razli~ni rastitelni vidovi (Giraud et al., 1999; Ma & Michailides, 2005; Zhao et al., 2009; Irinyi et al., 2009), glavno dikotiledoni (Williamson et al., 2007), od koi golem del se ekonomski zna~ajni: ovo{ni, zelen~ukovi i ukrasni rastitelni vidovi (Kerssies et al., 1997; Belen Suarez et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2006; Myresiotis et al., 2007). Vo Republika Makedonija, ovaa gaba se smeta za ekonomski najzna~ajna kaj lozata (Jovan~ev, 2005; Pej~inovski i Mitrev, 2009), no napa|a i golem broj drugi zemjodelski kulturi kako: domat, piperka, krastavica, zelka, marula, jagoda, malina, kapina i dr. Osobeno golemi {teti pri~inuva kaj domatot, piperkata, modriot patlixan i krastavicata, pri nivno odgleduvawe vo za{titeni prostori (Jovan~ev, 2005; Kuzmanovska, 2011)

Македонскиот предлог на – камен на сопнување кај изучувачите на германскиот и англискиот јазик

Предлозите се специфична категорија на зборови која бара посебно внимание во процесот на изучување на странски јазици и која претставува „камен на сопнување“ при изведување на наставата на странски јазици. Преку овој труд ќе се обидеме да ги воочиме основните проблеми кои се јавуваат кај изучувачите на странските јазици, пред сѐ германскиот и англискиот јазик, преку примери со македонскиот предлог на. Како комплексни лексички единици предлозите служат за изразување на релации помеѓу два ентитета, и тоа самиот објект кој се набљудува од една страна и од кој аспект се набљудува истиот (мак. ј.: Ученикот седи на масата/на столот). Македонскиот предлог на во германскиот јазик се јавува преку две лексички единици auf/an (герм. ј: Der Schüler sitzt an dem Tisch/auf dem Stuhl) , како и во англискиот јазик преку at/on (англ. ј.: The student is sitting at the table/on the chair). Задачата која сме си ја поставиле со пишувањето на овој труд воопшто не е лесна и едноставна, туку напротив изискува многу труд и внимание, кое ние несебично ќе го посветиме сѐ со цел добивање на поопсежно, продлабочено анализирање на овој проблем. Овој труд ќе го посветиме на откривање на функционалните разлики кои постојат меѓу овие предлози и кои зависат од многу фактори, а кои се од големо значење за македонските изучувачи на германски и англиски јазик како два најзастапени светски јазици во сите сфери на постоење

THE INFLUENCE OF EVALUATION ON STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Motivation has inspired а lot of authors to identify its characteristics. It has also inspired students and teachers to learn and teach foreign languages through its different types and provide different results in teaching and learning the language. This is closely connected to how evaluation has the potential to influence students and motivate them to learn a foreign language and how teachers should find easier or more difficult ways of evaluating them, depending on what kind of motivation is involved during the class. This paper deals with the issue of how different evaluation methods provide opportunities for students to meet different motives. The students do that by answering a questionnaire, which is the initial hypothesis of it. The target groups are the third year students from the departments of English language and literature, German language and literature, and Macedonian language and literature at the Faculty of Philology, Goce Delcev University – Stip, 15 from each department. The students answer to 15 questions concerning the different methods they are evaluated by. They provide feedback by answering the questions and they give their opinion about the different types of evaluation methods. The results are used to give us an insight into the influence of different evaluation methods on students’ motivation, so that we can see whether they are actually the main reason why students learn or do not learn foreign languages, and to serve as inspiration to teachers to be familiar with which types of evaluation methods decrease or increase the level of motivation while learning a foreign language. As a result, they are able to use those methods in future in order to improve the level of foreign language knowledge the students should possess and gain.Key words: education, learning, motivation, evaluation, foreign languag

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS – THE CAUSE OF APPLE SCAB IN APPLE

The main goal of the experiment was to study the possibility for biological control of apple scab by use of innovative biofungicide Vacciplant (a.m. Laminarin) and to compare the results of biological control with those from standard chemical control of this disease. Experiment was conducted during the 2016 in region of Prespa and region of Tetovo, on two apple varieties, idared and golden delicious. In untreated variant in region of Tetovo, was observed very high level of infection (77.21% on the leaves and 24.35% on the fruits), which demonstrated the destructive potential of this apple disease in our country. In region of Prespa, significantly lower level of infection was observed in untreated variant (30% on the leaves and 9.5% on the fruits). Regarding the efficacy of tested fungicides, in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively). In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%)

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHEMICAL CONTROL OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS AND PODOSPHAERA LEUCOTRICHA IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN MACEDONIA

The possibility of simultaneous effective control of apple scab and apple powdery mildew, by using single fungicidal active substance, and to compare the obtained results with those from standard chemical control, were the main goal of these experiments. In this study two fungicides were included: Sercadis (a.m. fluxapyroxad) and Indar 5 EW (a.m. fenbuconazole). Experiment was conducted during the 2016 in region of Prespa and region of Tetovo, on two apple varieties, idared and golden delicious. In untreated variant in region of Tetovo, significantly high level of infection of apple scab (43%) and apple powdery mildew (18,2%) were recorded. In region of Prespa, the situation with the control variant was quite the opposite (15,2% apple scab and 36% apple powdery mildew infection). Regarding the efficacy of tested fungicides, in region of Tetovo, the standard fungicide Indar 5 EW (a.m. fenbuconazole) provided protection efficiency of 94,58% against apple scab and 98,18% against apple powdery mildew. In the same region, the efficacy in variants treated with fungicide Sercadis was quite similar (92,65% efficacy protect against apple scab and 98,68 against apple powdery mildew). In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicide against apple scab and powdery mildew (95,65% and 94,44% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of fungicide Sercadis (94,53% and 96,66%)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS BUNCH ROT OF GRAPES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Bunch rot disease of grapes, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a chronic and serious problem in most of the vineyards in Republic of Macedonia. Its control is mostly achieved by application of synthetic fungicides. However, chemical control of B. cinerea is often difficult and incomplete, especially in vineyards where resistant strains have developed. A promising alternative strategy that could replace or be combined with fungicides are biofungicides. The main goal of the experiment was to observe the possibility for biological control of Botrytis bunch rot disease by the use of three novel biofungicides (Serenade Aso, Polyversum and Timorex gold). Experiment was conducted during the 2016 in two vineyard regions of Republic of Macedonia (Negotino and Kavadarci), on two grape varieties, Chardonnay and Cardinal. The destructive potential of this grape disease was confirmed in the untreated variant of the Chardonnay variety, where the intensity of infection was higher than 48%. Biofungicides Serenade Aso (a.m. Bacillus subtilis QST 713) andTimorex gold (extract of Malaleuca alternifolia) had similar efficacy, with average of 89% reduction of disease incidence in the region of Negotino and 91,66% in the region of Kavadarci. Biofungicide Polyversum (a.m. Pythium oligandrum M1), applied as preventive sprays achieved more than 85% reduction of the disease in both regions. The results showed that all tested biofungicides have a prospective use for control of bunch rot disease in grapes

BACILLUS SPP. – A POTENT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST DOWNY MILDEW OF GRAPEVINE

Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew of grapevine, is one of the most devastating and economically most important grapevine pathogens worldwide (Perazzolli et al., 2012). In the Republic of North Macedonia, control of downy mildew in grapevine is mainly achieved by application of synthetic fungicides. However, the long-term and continuous use of synthetic fungicides leads to appearance of resistant strains of the pathogen, residues and environmental pollution. Alternatives to chemical control such as the use of biological control agents or resistant cultivars, currently play a small role in controlling this disease. A promising alternative strategy that could replace or be combined with fungicides are biofungicides. The main goal of the experiment was to observe the possibility for biological control of grape downy mildew by the use of two novel biofungicides, Sonata (a.m. Bacillus pumilus QST 2808) and Serenade Aso (a.m. Bacillus subtilis QST 713). Experiment was conducted during the 2019 in two vineyard regions in the Republic of North Macedonia (Demir Kapija and Negotino), on three grape varieties (Merlot, Riesling and Vranec). Both tested biofungicides showed almost equal efficacy, with more than 94% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Vranec and Riesling varieties and with more than 97% reduction of disease severity index on leaves in Merlot variety. On bunches, both biofungicides achieved 100% reduction of disease incidence and severity index in all three varieties. The results showed that Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis are potent biological agents and have a prospective use for control of downy mildew in grapevine