Complementary Assets in the Methodology of Implementation Unified Information Model of the City Environment Project Life Cycle

AbstractThis article contain comprehensive data of completing the functional, complementary unified information model, based on the technology of building information modelling for creation city environment through the whole lifecycle of the building. Each stage of lifecycle contains its own functional information as a part of unify complementary information model. Complementary unified information model for the executive stage of engineering to complete the documentation are also describe. Complementary unified information model for the stage of facility management presented within the model of life support systems including processes of utility management

Study of reparative processes and immune mechanisms in liver tissues and blood plasma of rats against the background of loading with plant extracts and induced oxidative stress

The aim of the study was to investigate reparative processes and immune mechanisms in rat liver tissues against the background of loading with aqueous extracts of blackberry and common sawfly and induced oxidative stress. 120 rats were used in the experiment. According to group affiliation animals received aqueous extracts of common and blackberry in a dose of 50 mg/100g of weight, 1.5 ml daily for 30 days, and animals of the control group received distilled water in the same mode. Starting from 30 days of the experiment, rats were injected with CCl4 for 6 days. On the 37th day of the experiment, rats were killed according to ethical standards. The number of sinusoidal cells was counted in liver tissues. The content of cytokines in liver homogenates and blood plasma of rats was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conclusion. Aqueous extracts of fir and blackberry modulate to different degrees the functional state of sinusoidal cells in early periods of toxic exposure to tetrachloromethane, which contributes to the early resolution of the inflammatory process. Exposure of aqueous extracts of fir and blackberry to sinusoidal cells changes the production of regulatory factors, which compensates the speed of recovery processes after toxic exposure

Assessment of the Trophic State of a Small Plain Reservoir during Different Periods of Its Existence (a Case Study of the Penza Reservoir on the Sura River)

Представлена сравнительная характеристика содержания биогенных элементов и органического вещества, а также количественных показателей фитопланктона Пензенского (Сурского) водохранилища в периоды 1984–1992 и 2016–2019 гг. В настоящее время содержание фосфатов увеличилось в 3 раза, концентрация минерального азота осталась на прежнем уровне. Сезонная динамика фосфора и минерального азота различалась: максимальные концентрации фосфатов наблюдали летом и осенью, а азота – в паводковый период. Доминирующим источником генезиса фосфора сейчас являются, вероятно, внутриводоемные процессы. Преобладающей формой минерального азота в 2016–2019 гг. стали нитраты, весенний максимум которых свидетельствует о преимущественном поступлении с паводковым стоком. Соотношение минеральных форм N и Р указывает на то, что фосфор не лимитирует развитие водорослей. В отдельные периоды (лето 2017–2018 гг.) наблюдали достоверную отрицательную связь между величиной биомассы водорослей и содержанием общего железа в воде (r = -0,81, р = 0,016). «Цветения» воды в течение последних лет не отмечалось. В 2019 г. численность Cyanoprocaryota возросла, но биомасса их на отдельных участках не превышала 2,18–2,42 мг/дм3. В доминирующем комплексе цианопрокариот в 2019 г. практически отсутствовал Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.), но появился Planktothrix agardhii (Gom.) Anagn. et Kom., устойчивый к малой освещенности и низкому соотношению азота и фосфора. Доля легкоокисляемого органического вещества в общем органическом веществе как в конце XX в., так и в последнее время характеризует водохранилище как стабильно эвтрофное, тем не менее количественные характеристики фитопланктона в последние годы свидетельствуют об уменьшении трофностиThe present study provides comparative characterization of the contents of nutrients and organic matter and quantitative parameters of phytoplankton of the Sura (Penza) reservoir during 1984–1992 and 2016–2019. At present, the content of phosphates has increased by 3 times while the concentration of mineral nitrogen has remained unchanged. The seasonal dynamics of phosphorus and mineral nitrogen are different: the maximum phosphate concentrations are observed in summer and autumn, but nitrogen is the highest during the flood period. At the present time, phosphorus is mainly generated in intra-reservoir processes. Nitrates were the predominant form of mineral nitrogen in 2016–2019, and their spring maximum suggests predominant intake with the flood flow. The ratio of the mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus indicates that, at the present time, phosphorus is not the element that limits the development of algae. In certain periods (summer 2017–2018), a significant negative relationship was observed between the algal biomass and the total iron content in water (r = -0.81, p = 0.016). No Cyanoprocaryota “blooms” have been observed in recent years. In 2019, the abundance of Cyanoprocaryota increased, but in some regions, biomass was no more than 2.18–2.42 mg/dm3. In 2019, the dominant Cyanoprocaryota group did not contain Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.), but a new species was identified – Planktothrix agardhii (Gom.) Anagn. et Kom., which is resistant to low light and the low nitrogen to phosphorus ratio. The proportion of readily oxidized organic matter in the total organic matter, both at the end of the 20th century and recently, characterizes the reservoir as stably eutrophic, although the quantitative characteristics of phytoplankton in recent years indicate declining trophic statu

Components of functional information model of city environment reorganization in interactive mode

The article contents the description of reorganization complementary information model provided for the lifecycle stage of facility management. The main components or assets of that model are functional, constructive, and organization-technological level of a declination from the project perfect model. There are also three-level model of building reorganization type definition. It represents an operation-automated algorithm for updating the technical specification of building reorganization

The role of probiotics, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis

Based on the review of data regarding the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, this research aims to evaluate the efficacy of using probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in prevention and treatment of this condition. Hypothetically, if omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and probiotics are timely recommended to patients with atopic dermatitis and families planning a pregnancy but are predisposed to this disease - the symptoms of atopic dermatitis can be alleviated, the cost of treatment reduced, and in some cases, even the manifestation of the disease might be prevented. Material and methods The research was conducted electronically using digital books and journals, a bibliographic database (PubMed), a full-text database (Science Direct), and Cochrane Library. The data from clinical studies, meta-analyses, and review articles were thoroughly analysed and selected. Relevant items were studied analytically and critically regarding the definition of the role of probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis. Results Omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and vitamin D supplementation open new avenues for safe and effective preventive measures in atopic dermatitis, although the results of the research are still ambiguous. Evidence from different research groups show that probiotics could have a positive effect on prevention of atopic dermatitis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of evidence regarding multiple factors, like the type of probiotic used, timing of dosage, and duration of exposure to recommend probiotic use as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. The use of omega-3 fatty acids could provide a potential way to prevent allergic disorders. Studies conducted to date, indicate that supplementation with these preparations have a positive effect on children with AD, up to 1-year-olds. Likewise, omega-3 fatty acids consumption during pregnancy can decrease sensitization to common food allergens and can protect infants from developing atopic dermatitis during their first year of life. To confirm positive effects and address long-term outcomes, a larger randomized, placebo-controlled study should be conducted. It was found that serum Vitamin D levels and atopic dermatitis severity exhibited an inverse correlation, as reported in most published literature. Moreover, Vitamin D acts on immunity, the proliferation of skin keratinocytes, and the production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. The research observed that people with atopic dermatitis have lower levels of Vitamin D than the general population. However, Vitamin D supplementation have not been well investigated, maybe due to lack of a well-established dose regimen demonstrating its benefits. Conclusion According to the results of clinical studies, supplementation of certain strains of probiotics in atopic dermatitis has a positive treatment effect. However, the level of evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics' use for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis is still low. Therefore, there are currently no official recommendations on the use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear promising, although not fully examined as a preventative approach for atopic dermatitis. More randomized controlled intervention studies are required to establish the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid administration concept in a therapeutic setting. As reported in most published sources, serum vitamin D levels and the severity of atopic dermatitis exhibit an inverse correlation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis and have confirmed that correcting vitamin D deficiency can improve the clinical development of atopic dermatitis by reducing immune responses, by its effect on skin keratinocyte proliferation, and by production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. However, further studies with different vitamin D dosing regimens are needed to include vitamin D therapy in an official therapeutic setting of atopic dermatitis treatment.Ciljevi Na temelju pregleda podataka o patofiziologiji atopijskog dermatitisa, ovim istraživanjem želi se procijeniti učinkovitost primjene probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u prevenciji i liječenju ovog stanja. Hipotetski, ako se oboljelima od atopijskog dermatitisa i obiteljima koje planiraju trudnoću na vrijeme preporuče omega-3 masne kiseline, vitamin D i probiotici, a imaju predispozicije za ovu bolest - mogu se ublažiti simptomi atopijskog dermatitisa, smanjiti troškovi liječenja i u nekim slučajevima, može se i spriječiti manifestacija bolesti. Materijal i metode Istraživanje je provedeno elektroničkim putem, korištenjem digitalnih knjiga i časopisa, bibliografske baze podataka (PubMed), baze podataka punog teksta (Science Direct) i „Cochraneove knjižnice“. Temeljito su analizirani i odabrani podaci iz kliničkih studija, meta-analiza i preglednih članaka. Relevantne stavke u vezi definiranja uloge probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa proučavane su analitički i kritički. Rezultati Omega-3 masne kiseline, probiotici i suplementacija vitaminom D otvaraju nove puteve za sigurnu i učinkovitu prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa, iako su rezultati istraživanja još uvijek nejasni. Različite skupine istraživača dokazuju da bi probiotici mogli imati pozitivan učinak na prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa. Unatoč tome, da bi se preporučila uporaba probiotika za liječenje atopijskog dermatitisa, još uvijek nedostaju dokazi koji se odnose na više čimbenika, poput vrste korištenog probiotika, vremena doziranja i trajanja izloženosti istome. Korištenje omega-3 masnih kiselina moglo bi predstavljati potencijalni način prevencije alergijskih poremećaja. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suplementacija ovim pripravcima pozitivno djeluje na djecu s AD-om do 1 godine starosti. Također, konzumacija omega-3 masnih kiselina tijekom trudnoće može smanjiti osjetljivost na uobičajene alergene iz hrane i može zaštititi dojenčad od razvoja atopijskog dermatitisa tijekom prve godine života. Kako bi se potvrdili pozitivni učinci i riješili dugoročni ishodi, potrebno je provesti veću, slučajnu, placebom kontroliranu studiju. Utvrđeno je da razine vitamina D u serumu i težina atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju, kao što je priopćeno u većini objavljenih literatura. Štoviše, vitamin D djeluje na imunitet, proliferaciju kožnih keratinocita i proizvodnju antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ljudi s atopijskim dermatitisom imaju niže razine vitamina D od opće populacije. Međutim, suplementacija vitaminom D nije dobro istražena, vjerojatno zbog nedovoljno dobro uspostavljenog režima doziranja, koji bi pokazao njegove prednosti. Zaključak Prema rezultatima kliničkih studija, suplementacija određenih sojeva probiotika kod atopijskog dermatitisa ima pozitivan učinak liječenja. Međutim, razina dokaza o učinkovitosti primjene istih u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa još uvijek je niska. Stoga, trenutno ne postoje službene preporuke o korištenju probiotika u liječenju ili prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa. Suplementacija s dugolančanim omega-3 masnim kiselinama čini se obećavajućom, iako nije u potpunosti ispitana kao preventivni pristup za atopijski dermatitis. Potrebno je više slučajnih, kontroliranih intervencijskih studija da bi se uspostavio koncept primjene dugolančanih omega-3 masnih kiselina u terapeutskom okruženju. Kao što je navedeno u većini objavljenih izvora, razine vitamina D u serumu i ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju. Brojne su studije pokazale da dodatak vitamina D može smanjiti ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa i potvrdile da nadomještanje vitamina D može poboljšati klinički razvoj atopijskog dermatitisa - smanjenjem imunoloških odgovora, učinkom na proliferaciju keratinocita kože i proizvodnjom antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Međutim, da bi se terapija vitaminom D uključila u službenu terapijsku postavku liječenja atopijskog dermatitisa, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja s različitim režimima doziranja spomenutog vitamina

Conception of the operational information model of smart city control system

The article contains the BIM-models cycle, background and basic principles of creation the operational information model of smart cities control system with tools for performing the rule check, sequence of E-BIM model use. For the development and implementation of the operational information model of smart cities control system in the construction industry, it is necessary not only to determine the basic levels and parameters of choice when taking into account solutions from the organizational and technological documentation, but also to build the architecture of application software to ensure the operation of the control system at all subsequent stages of the life cycle of the smart object. It is important to determine the main factors affecting decision-making and parameters of formation of input and output data for modeling each stage of the life cycle of the object, as well as technical and economic indicators of the information model by stages [1,2]

The role of probiotics, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis

Based on the review of data regarding the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, this research aims to evaluate the efficacy of using probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in prevention and treatment of this condition. Hypothetically, if omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and probiotics are timely recommended to patients with atopic dermatitis and families planning a pregnancy but are predisposed to this disease - the symptoms of atopic dermatitis can be alleviated, the cost of treatment reduced, and in some cases, even the manifestation of the disease might be prevented. Material and methods The research was conducted electronically using digital books and journals, a bibliographic database (PubMed), a full-text database (Science Direct), and Cochrane Library. The data from clinical studies, meta-analyses, and review articles were thoroughly analysed and selected. Relevant items were studied analytically and critically regarding the definition of the role of probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis. Results Omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and vitamin D supplementation open new avenues for safe and effective preventive measures in atopic dermatitis, although the results of the research are still ambiguous. Evidence from different research groups show that probiotics could have a positive effect on prevention of atopic dermatitis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of evidence regarding multiple factors, like the type of probiotic used, timing of dosage, and duration of exposure to recommend probiotic use as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. The use of omega-3 fatty acids could provide a potential way to prevent allergic disorders. Studies conducted to date, indicate that supplementation with these preparations have a positive effect on children with AD, up to 1-year-olds. Likewise, omega-3 fatty acids consumption during pregnancy can decrease sensitization to common food allergens and can protect infants from developing atopic dermatitis during their first year of life. To confirm positive effects and address long-term outcomes, a larger randomized, placebo-controlled study should be conducted. It was found that serum Vitamin D levels and atopic dermatitis severity exhibited an inverse correlation, as reported in most published literature. Moreover, Vitamin D acts on immunity, the proliferation of skin keratinocytes, and the production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. The research observed that people with atopic dermatitis have lower levels of Vitamin D than the general population. However, Vitamin D supplementation have not been well investigated, maybe due to lack of a well-established dose regimen demonstrating its benefits. Conclusion According to the results of clinical studies, supplementation of certain strains of probiotics in atopic dermatitis has a positive treatment effect. However, the level of evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics' use for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis is still low. Therefore, there are currently no official recommendations on the use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear promising, although not fully examined as a preventative approach for atopic dermatitis. More randomized controlled intervention studies are required to establish the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid administration concept in a therapeutic setting. As reported in most published sources, serum vitamin D levels and the severity of atopic dermatitis exhibit an inverse correlation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis and have confirmed that correcting vitamin D deficiency can improve the clinical development of atopic dermatitis by reducing immune responses, by its effect on skin keratinocyte proliferation, and by production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. However, further studies with different vitamin D dosing regimens are needed to include vitamin D therapy in an official therapeutic setting of atopic dermatitis treatment.Ciljevi Na temelju pregleda podataka o patofiziologiji atopijskog dermatitisa, ovim istraživanjem želi se procijeniti učinkovitost primjene probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u prevenciji i liječenju ovog stanja. Hipotetski, ako se oboljelima od atopijskog dermatitisa i obiteljima koje planiraju trudnoću na vrijeme preporuče omega-3 masne kiseline, vitamin D i probiotici, a imaju predispozicije za ovu bolest - mogu se ublažiti simptomi atopijskog dermatitisa, smanjiti troškovi liječenja i u nekim slučajevima, može se i spriječiti manifestacija bolesti. Materijal i metode Istraživanje je provedeno elektroničkim putem, korištenjem digitalnih knjiga i časopisa, bibliografske baze podataka (PubMed), baze podataka punog teksta (Science Direct) i „Cochraneove knjižnice“. Temeljito su analizirani i odabrani podaci iz kliničkih studija, meta-analiza i preglednih članaka. Relevantne stavke u vezi definiranja uloge probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa proučavane su analitički i kritički. Rezultati Omega-3 masne kiseline, probiotici i suplementacija vitaminom D otvaraju nove puteve za sigurnu i učinkovitu prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa, iako su rezultati istraživanja još uvijek nejasni. Različite skupine istraživača dokazuju da bi probiotici mogli imati pozitivan učinak na prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa. Unatoč tome, da bi se preporučila uporaba probiotika za liječenje atopijskog dermatitisa, još uvijek nedostaju dokazi koji se odnose na više čimbenika, poput vrste korištenog probiotika, vremena doziranja i trajanja izloženosti istome. Korištenje omega-3 masnih kiselina moglo bi predstavljati potencijalni način prevencije alergijskih poremećaja. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suplementacija ovim pripravcima pozitivno djeluje na djecu s AD-om do 1 godine starosti. Također, konzumacija omega-3 masnih kiselina tijekom trudnoće može smanjiti osjetljivost na uobičajene alergene iz hrane i može zaštititi dojenčad od razvoja atopijskog dermatitisa tijekom prve godine života. Kako bi se potvrdili pozitivni učinci i riješili dugoročni ishodi, potrebno je provesti veću, slučajnu, placebom kontroliranu studiju. Utvrđeno je da razine vitamina D u serumu i težina atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju, kao što je priopćeno u većini objavljenih literatura. Štoviše, vitamin D djeluje na imunitet, proliferaciju kožnih keratinocita i proizvodnju antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ljudi s atopijskim dermatitisom imaju niže razine vitamina D od opće populacije. Međutim, suplementacija vitaminom D nije dobro istražena, vjerojatno zbog nedovoljno dobro uspostavljenog režima doziranja, koji bi pokazao njegove prednosti. Zaključak Prema rezultatima kliničkih studija, suplementacija određenih sojeva probiotika kod atopijskog dermatitisa ima pozitivan učinak liječenja. Međutim, razina dokaza o učinkovitosti primjene istih u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa još uvijek je niska. Stoga, trenutno ne postoje službene preporuke o korištenju probiotika u liječenju ili prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa. Suplementacija s dugolančanim omega-3 masnim kiselinama čini se obećavajućom, iako nije u potpunosti ispitana kao preventivni pristup za atopijski dermatitis. Potrebno je više slučajnih, kontroliranih intervencijskih studija da bi se uspostavio koncept primjene dugolančanih omega-3 masnih kiselina u terapeutskom okruženju. Kao što je navedeno u većini objavljenih izvora, razine vitamina D u serumu i ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju. Brojne su studije pokazale da dodatak vitamina D može smanjiti ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa i potvrdile da nadomještanje vitamina D može poboljšati klinički razvoj atopijskog dermatitisa - smanjenjem imunoloških odgovora, učinkom na proliferaciju keratinocita kože i proizvodnjom antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Međutim, da bi se terapija vitaminom D uključila u službenu terapijsku postavku liječenja atopijskog dermatitisa, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja s različitim režimima doziranja spomenutog vitamina

The role of probiotics, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis

Based on the review of data regarding the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, this research aims to evaluate the efficacy of using probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in prevention and treatment of this condition. Hypothetically, if omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and probiotics are timely recommended to patients with atopic dermatitis and families planning a pregnancy but are predisposed to this disease - the symptoms of atopic dermatitis can be alleviated, the cost of treatment reduced, and in some cases, even the manifestation of the disease might be prevented. Material and methods The research was conducted electronically using digital books and journals, a bibliographic database (PubMed), a full-text database (Science Direct), and Cochrane Library. The data from clinical studies, meta-analyses, and review articles were thoroughly analysed and selected. Relevant items were studied analytically and critically regarding the definition of the role of probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis. Results Omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and vitamin D supplementation open new avenues for safe and effective preventive measures in atopic dermatitis, although the results of the research are still ambiguous. Evidence from different research groups show that probiotics could have a positive effect on prevention of atopic dermatitis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of evidence regarding multiple factors, like the type of probiotic used, timing of dosage, and duration of exposure to recommend probiotic use as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. The use of omega-3 fatty acids could provide a potential way to prevent allergic disorders. Studies conducted to date, indicate that supplementation with these preparations have a positive effect on children with AD, up to 1-year-olds. Likewise, omega-3 fatty acids consumption during pregnancy can decrease sensitization to common food allergens and can protect infants from developing atopic dermatitis during their first year of life. To confirm positive effects and address long-term outcomes, a larger randomized, placebo-controlled study should be conducted. It was found that serum Vitamin D levels and atopic dermatitis severity exhibited an inverse correlation, as reported in most published literature. Moreover, Vitamin D acts on immunity, the proliferation of skin keratinocytes, and the production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. The research observed that people with atopic dermatitis have lower levels of Vitamin D than the general population. However, Vitamin D supplementation have not been well investigated, maybe due to lack of a well-established dose regimen demonstrating its benefits. Conclusion According to the results of clinical studies, supplementation of certain strains of probiotics in atopic dermatitis has a positive treatment effect. However, the level of evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics' use for the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis is still low. Therefore, there are currently no official recommendations on the use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids appear promising, although not fully examined as a preventative approach for atopic dermatitis. More randomized controlled intervention studies are required to establish the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid administration concept in a therapeutic setting. As reported in most published sources, serum vitamin D levels and the severity of atopic dermatitis exhibit an inverse correlation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis and have confirmed that correcting vitamin D deficiency can improve the clinical development of atopic dermatitis by reducing immune responses, by its effect on skin keratinocyte proliferation, and by production of antimicrobial peptides in the skin. However, further studies with different vitamin D dosing regimens are needed to include vitamin D therapy in an official therapeutic setting of atopic dermatitis treatment.Ciljevi Na temelju pregleda podataka o patofiziologiji atopijskog dermatitisa, ovim istraživanjem želi se procijeniti učinkovitost primjene probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u prevenciji i liječenju ovog stanja. Hipotetski, ako se oboljelima od atopijskog dermatitisa i obiteljima koje planiraju trudnoću na vrijeme preporuče omega-3 masne kiseline, vitamin D i probiotici, a imaju predispozicije za ovu bolest - mogu se ublažiti simptomi atopijskog dermatitisa, smanjiti troškovi liječenja i u nekim slučajevima, može se i spriječiti manifestacija bolesti. Materijal i metode Istraživanje je provedeno elektroničkim putem, korištenjem digitalnih knjiga i časopisa, bibliografske baze podataka (PubMed), baze podataka punog teksta (Science Direct) i „Cochraneove knjižnice“. Temeljito su analizirani i odabrani podaci iz kliničkih studija, meta-analiza i preglednih članaka. Relevantne stavke u vezi definiranja uloge probiotika, omega-3 masnih kiselina i vitamina D u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa proučavane su analitički i kritički. Rezultati Omega-3 masne kiseline, probiotici i suplementacija vitaminom D otvaraju nove puteve za sigurnu i učinkovitu prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa, iako su rezultati istraživanja još uvijek nejasni. Različite skupine istraživača dokazuju da bi probiotici mogli imati pozitivan učinak na prevenciju atopijskog dermatitisa. Unatoč tome, da bi se preporučila uporaba probiotika za liječenje atopijskog dermatitisa, još uvijek nedostaju dokazi koji se odnose na više čimbenika, poput vrste korištenog probiotika, vremena doziranja i trajanja izloženosti istome. Korištenje omega-3 masnih kiselina moglo bi predstavljati potencijalni način prevencije alergijskih poremećaja. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suplementacija ovim pripravcima pozitivno djeluje na djecu s AD-om do 1 godine starosti. Također, konzumacija omega-3 masnih kiselina tijekom trudnoće može smanjiti osjetljivost na uobičajene alergene iz hrane i može zaštititi dojenčad od razvoja atopijskog dermatitisa tijekom prve godine života. Kako bi se potvrdili pozitivni učinci i riješili dugoročni ishodi, potrebno je provesti veću, slučajnu, placebom kontroliranu studiju. Utvrđeno je da razine vitamina D u serumu i težina atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju, kao što je priopćeno u većini objavljenih literatura. Štoviše, vitamin D djeluje na imunitet, proliferaciju kožnih keratinocita i proizvodnju antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ljudi s atopijskim dermatitisom imaju niže razine vitamina D od opće populacije. Međutim, suplementacija vitaminom D nije dobro istražena, vjerojatno zbog nedovoljno dobro uspostavljenog režima doziranja, koji bi pokazao njegove prednosti. Zaključak Prema rezultatima kliničkih studija, suplementacija određenih sojeva probiotika kod atopijskog dermatitisa ima pozitivan učinak liječenja. Međutim, razina dokaza o učinkovitosti primjene istih u liječenju i prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa još uvijek je niska. Stoga, trenutno ne postoje službene preporuke o korištenju probiotika u liječenju ili prevenciji atopijskog dermatitisa. Suplementacija s dugolančanim omega-3 masnim kiselinama čini se obećavajućom, iako nije u potpunosti ispitana kao preventivni pristup za atopijski dermatitis. Potrebno je više slučajnih, kontroliranih intervencijskih studija da bi se uspostavio koncept primjene dugolančanih omega-3 masnih kiselina u terapeutskom okruženju. Kao što je navedeno u većini objavljenih izvora, razine vitamina D u serumu i ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa pokazuju obrnutu korelaciju. Brojne su studije pokazale da dodatak vitamina D može smanjiti ozbiljnost atopijskog dermatitisa i potvrdile da nadomještanje vitamina D može poboljšati klinički razvoj atopijskog dermatitisa - smanjenjem imunoloških odgovora, učinkom na proliferaciju keratinocita kože i proizvodnjom antimikrobnih peptida u koži. Međutim, da bi se terapija vitaminom D uključila u službenu terapijsku postavku liječenja atopijskog dermatitisa, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja s različitim režimima doziranja spomenutog vitamina